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Sustainable Building and Construction A Tropical humid Af Tropical wet No dry season Am Tropical monsoonal Short dry season; heavy monsoonal rains in other months Aw Tropical savanna Winter dry season B Dry BWh Subtropical desert Low-latitude desert BSh Subtropical steppe Low-latitude dry BWk Mid-latitude desert Mid-latitude desert BSk Mid-latitude steppe Mid-latitude dry C Mild Mid-Latitude Csa Mediterranean Mild with dry, hot summer Csb Mediterranean Mild with dry, warm summer Cfa Humid subtropical Mild with no dry season, hot summer Cwa Humid subtropical Mild with dry winter, hot summer Cfb Marine west coast Mild with no dry season, warm summer Cfc Marine west coast Mild with no dry season, cool summer D Severe Mid-Latitude Dfa Humid continental Humid with severe winter, no dry season, hot summer Dfb Humid continental Humid with severe winter, no dry season, warm summer Dwa Humid continental Humid with severe, dry winter, hot summer Dwb Humid continental Humid with severe, dry winter, warm summer Dfc Subarctic Severe winter, no dry season, cool summer Dfd Subarctic Severe, very cold winter, no dry season, cool summer Dwc Subarctic Severe, dry winter, cool summer Dwd Subarctic Severe, very cold and dry winter, cool summer E Polar ET Tundra Polar tundra, no true summer EF Ice Cap Perennial ice H Highland In the framework of this monograph the highland and the polar climates which are own classifications according to Koeppen will be described within the chapter cold climates. 3.2.2.4.1 Hot and Humid Climate Zones The hot and humid climate zones are predominantly located near the equator. Regions belonging to it are for example large areas of South and South East Asia, South and Middle America as well as Central Africa. The monsoon climate zones of South Asia and North Australia may here be also included because the requirements for the conception of buildings of the partly similar in these regions. 50
Sustainable Building and Construction The dominant climate factors of hot and humid climate zones are: - High relative humidity (60 – 100%) - High average rainfall (1200mm to 2000mm per year, upper extremity to 5000mm per year - Smooth temperature pattern (average varieties are only approx. 7K per day and 5K per year) - Highest air temperature during the day is approx. 30°C (86°F) in annual average - Lowest air temperature during the night is approx. 25°C (77°F) in annual average - High clouds frequency and therefore high percentage of diffuse radiation (indirect sunlight) - At cloudless skies high percentage of direct radiation, but mostly moderated by clouds - Low air pressure - Generally only small airflows, but squalls may appear during rainfalls - Regional occurrences of tropic cyclones (typhoons and hurricanes) Illustration 49: map of hot and humid (tropical) climate zones (a) Illustration 49a: Typical house shape in a tropical climate. Building materials, which can absorb moisture, may be affected by premature aging or corrosion, caused by mould or the frequent change of solar radiation and rainfalls, causing swelling and shrinkage. The heavy rainfalls followed by storms are raising problems according the buildings themselves as well as for the surrounding outside facilities. The basic conditions for the construction of climate responsive buildings in hot and humid climate zones are: - Relief for the human organism of the unfavourable influences of heat and humidity (mugginess) by the utilisation of airflow, to support the heat dissipation by perspiration (skin evaporation). - Protection of buildings and components from direct solar radiation and undesired heat storage by shading, building shape and – orientation - Protection of components from permanent moisture penetration by well controlled rainwater drainage and ventilation 51
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Building and Constructi
Page 7 and 8: 1.2 Population and climate change S
Page 19 and 20: 3.2 Design Approaches Sustainable B
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Page 55 and 56: 3.2.2.4.2 Arid Climate Zones Sustai
Page 59 and 60: Illustration 50f: Underground build
Page 69 and 70: 3.2.2.5 Data and Planning Tools Sus
Page 75 and 76: Illustration 55: Light directing co
Page 79 and 80: Illustration 66: Solar gain factors
Page 83 and 84: 3.2.3.4 Mechanical Ventilation: Sus
Page 85 and 86: Illustration 69b: Material and surf
Page 87 and 88: 3.2.3.5 .1.1 Evaporative Cooling Su
Page 89 and 90: 3.2.3.5 .1.2 Ground Cooling Sustain
Page 91 and 92: 3.2.3.5 .1.4 Refrigerative Cooling
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Appendix 1 - “Planning Tools for
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Appendix 1 - “Planning Tools for
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Appendix 2 - Life Cycle Assessment
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Appendix 2 - Life Cycle Assessment
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Appendix 3 - Internet Resources Sus
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Appendix 4 - International Case Stu
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Case Study Ethiopia - Hot and Dry C
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Case Study Tanzania - Hot and Humid
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Case Study Nicaragua - Hot and Humi
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Case Study Peru - Mountainous Clima
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Case Study China - Transition Zone
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Case Study Malaysia - Hot and Humid
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Case Study Philippines - Hot and Hu
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Case Study Thailand - Warm and Humi
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Case Study Australia - Moderate Cli
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Case Study Germany - Moderate Clima
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Appendix 5 - Physical Data From: Gu
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Appendix 6 - References Illustratio
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Appendix 7 - References Literature
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Appendix 7 - References Literature
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