Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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for Cambodia east of the Mekong River, and Northeast Thailand west of theMekong River. Also useful as a basis for forest structure and growth assessmentwere data from permanent sample plots variously located in Thailand.Damage to the mature timber was most susceptible to quantitative assessment.As will be developed later in the report, however, the forestry teamconcluded from its investigations that other forms of damage were probablymuch more serious and longlasting. While the task of the study team was toevaluate damage caused by herbicides, it became clear as the study progressedthat damage due to other forms of war activity was also severe; more severeand longlasting in terms of the long-run productivity of the forest than thatdue to herbicide use.Herbicides were sprayed over large areas of the inland forests duringthe years 1962 to 1971; the heaviest herbicide operations were conductedbetween 1967 and 1970. During and since the period of herbicide spraying,the forest areas were subjected to other military actions such as bombing,shelling, land clearing and burning. Land was cleared to reduce ambush dangeralong highways. Forests were burned to improve visibility and reduce thedanger of ambush by opposition troops.The intended effect of military spraying of herbicides was to removethe leaves from the trees, making enemy troops and trails, arms, dumps, etc.used by them visible from the air. Fire was commonly used for the samepurposes. In fact, forests that had been defoliated, whether or not thetrees had been killed, were particularly susceptible to fire because of thepresence of large quantities of highly inflammable fuel. They were commonlyburned to improve visibility. Bombing and shelling in defoliated forestsfrequently ignited fires.1-7
In addition to the various military impacts, these same forests alsowere used by the endemic population for non-military purposes. They continuedto be harvested for timber and fuelwood and cut and burned to provide agriculturalclearings. These harvesting and agricultural activities have beenapplied to the forests of South Vietnam for centuries, although the recentmilitary operations have modified them to a varying degree in location andintensity.The composition, structure, and behavior of forest ecosystems such asthose that occur in South Vietnam are influenced and modified when they areimpacted by human manipulations. These influences may be minor and difficultto detect If the manipulation is at a low intensity, and may be major and veryobvious if the manipulation is at a high Intensity. The duration of the effectmay be short or long, depending upon the intensity of the manipulation. Whena forest ecosystem is subjected to a great many manipulative events over a longperiod of time, occurring on different time sequences, the status of the ecosystemat any given point in time is a function of the combined prior impacts.Human-induced forest manipulations are not mutually exclusive events. Theyinteract with each other, reinforce each other and compensate for each other intheir forest ecosystem impact.The forests of Vietnam have been utilized by man in many ways for centuries.Their present structure is a function of the basic vegetative type determinedby biotic and abiotic factors and modified by a long history of human use.This then is the setting in which the evaluation of the effect of herbicidesupon the inland forests of South Vietnam had to be pursued.Clearly, the impact of military herbicide use in the period 1965-1970reflected the varied status of the forests involved which, in turn reflectedtheir prior histories as previously noted.1-8
Page 1 and 2: Item D Number ^sse D Not ScannedAut
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH
Page 5: I. Introduction
Page 8 and 9: such a manner as to permit Its exte
Page 12 and 13: Inhibited by the absence of a fores
Page 14 and 15: able to troops. They quickly may be
Page 16 and 17: activity as they and their predeces
Page 18 and 19: subjected to other military actions
Page 20 and 21: forest experiment stations in Thail
Page 22 and 23: SOUTH CHINA SEAFigure 1-2 Military
Page 24 and 25: References Cited(1) Gartuer, E. J.
Page 26 and 27: II.The History of Human Use of the
Page 28 and 29: Cambodian Inventory project says wi
Page 30 and 31: Cambodia's 33»700 square miles of
Page 32 and 33: It Js useful to examine some of the
Page 34 and 35: tree crown densities prior to the I
Page 36 and 37: Both cultivated areas and grassland
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX .1A Study of Succession fr
Page 40 and 41: The permanent denuded quadrat was o
Page 42 and 43: emoved. Ourlnq the 1
Page 44 and 45: trends are still directed toward dr
Page 46 and 47: Table II-l (cont. - 2)SpeciesTotal
Page 48 and 49: Table II-2Species abundance in seed
Page 50 and 51: Table II-3Species from sapling enum
Page 52 and 53: Table II-4 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 54 and 55: Table II-6Species abundance from sa
Page 56 and 57: Table II-7 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 58 and 59: (9) Nuttonson, M. Y., 1963.The phys
Page 60 and 61:
A. Identification of Forest Feature
Page 62 and 63:
Beforereviewing the methods by whic
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from that of temperate forests.The
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(Tectona grand is) can be readily s
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Swellengrebel (37) has found that u
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B. Comparison of use of Photogramme
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where H = tree height, CA = crown a
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coefficients were fairly high (r=0.
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therefore would be more easily Iden
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The third approach was to estimate
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dominantly terrestrial. This is due
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provide only a "very rough estimate
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C. Stem Diameter/Crown Diameter Rel
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without the factors of density and
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existing Information from other cou
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Analysis of covarlance was used to
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obtained by many other investigator
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Sampling grid9 x 18 » 162quadrats1
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Table III-lNumber of Quadrats Havin
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Mean number of dead12merchantable t
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E. Errors in Tree Counting and Volu
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Figure III-2J-shaped curve of Tree
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the commercial trees are usually at
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error is the smallesttrees which ha
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Random ErrorEven if a well-trained
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all but the random error by use of
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11. _ 19S9. The Application of Aeri
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31. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropi
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe task of the fore
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Figure IV-1DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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Figure IV-2DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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tuberculatus tree just discussed ha
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In five-meter log components.The vo
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volume at any given time, Is also a
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concerning stand structure while es
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following:total heights, inventory
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species, thus increasing the utiliz
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computed by the following integrati
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D. Exploitable Merchantable Volume
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TABLE IV-6. Exploitable Merchantabl
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ased upon samples of species compos
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METERS50 J4O J?METERS
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extensively by man, they are not co
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12 3VT - Z Z Aa.n.s .v.1=1 j=l ' '
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Table IV-10. Volume SummaryType of
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Table IV-12. Inventory Total Volume
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Table IV-14. Inventory Merchantable
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Table IV-16. Exploitable Merchantab
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(8) Sandrasegaran, K. 1971."Height-
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crop. If there is not a sufficient
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B- Exploited hardwood forestsA larg
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or even extensive areas of timber,
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Vulnerability of forest stands to a
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Table V-l. Crown Characteristics of
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Study of the forests of South Vietn
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the trees continued to grow.The tas
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Having been satisfied that the prot
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commercial species. That is, the de
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Military Region 3.This step, theref
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the number of loss model trees givi
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per tree which is in agreement with
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crownwood yields an estimate of woo
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was not a responsibility of the Com
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Figure V-lUnsprayed forest showing
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Figure V-3Appearance of very old bo
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manufacturing problems; production
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of the overstoryforest cover except
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extensive aerial reconnaissance and
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total area, film j - obtained from
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Table V-l. Basic Data Used in the L
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Table V-2. Results of the loss Made
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gains are rapid until some point af
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species, and environmental conditio
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use of resulting prediction equatio
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transforms.Since there were several
Page 213 and 214:
The usual procedure in assay work p
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Table 1 Herbicides and applications
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Figure 2Response of Plnus lambertia
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- 7(Dto c-D -Ioj?Id(Au>oa-.inO-hI01
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c -\n>in o3 cr-maO c-» to3 rf.at o
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The response of the Inland Forest o
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Darrow, R. A., G. B. Truchulet, C.
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Appendix V-3Inventory Model Descrip
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Thfs procedure was programmed in Fo
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41 3.4742 2.995 14.266 1.587 .078 .
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APPENDIX V-4Computation of Nonmerch
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ehave in response to herbicide trea
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To obtain crown volume, assume crow
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In order to deal in some detail wit
Page 241 and 242:
observation is that many of the tre
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The April 1966 coverage gives no in
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Much of the bombed area in the gene
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Table VT-2The classification of lan
Page 249 and 250:
egetatlonClassTable VI-5 Percent of
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Figure VI-2 Spray Hit Map for the S
Page 253 and 254:
VI !/Figure VI-4 1969 1:50,000 Phot
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Figure VI-6 1967 Photography of the
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vr-nFigure VI-7a Close Up of Road I
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VI-23road 246Total trees relocated
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Figure VI-11 1966 Photography of Va
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VI-2/Figure VI-13 1966 Photography
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- • flrW, >!f » •" "•**VI-2
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The study of the inland forests of
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use might appear to be very substan
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This has been a problem for the for
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If computed on the basis of 90 cubi
Page 277 and 278:
Both Flamm and Westing examine dama
Page 279:
References'. Catfnot, R. 1972. Biol
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