Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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Inhibited by the absence of a forest inventory and theinability of theinland forest study team to conductintensive and detailed on-the-groundinvestigation of the affected forests due to security limitations, the studyteam adopted the following evaluation strategy for achieving its goal:1. It was recognized that nature does not observe politicalboundaries and that the forests of Southeast Asia includingIndonesia, Malaysia, the Philippine Islands, Vietnam, Cambodia,Laos, and Thailand have much in common.Review of the literatureof all these areas provided a much broader information base thanwould have been possible if the base had been confined to Vietnam.Indeed, the forest resource research base for the countries ofIndochina was much less adequate than that of the surroundingcountries.Since the other areas studied surrounded South Vietnam,it was possible to evaluate geographical trends and to extrapolatefrom surrounding areasinto South Vietnam with reasonable confidence.Ground truth for the evaluation of photographic evidence of SouthVietnam forests was obtained from accessible areas in neighboringcountries - principally Thailand.2. Based upon ground truth from neighboring countries, an extensivestudy of aerial photography of Military Region 3 was undertaken.This involved earlier photography produced by the Department ofDefense, as well as special sampling flights at low altitudesconducted at the request of the study team and in accordance withits prescribed specifications.** Figure 1 shows the location of the photographic sample strips. Theseflights provided color photography at a 1/5000 scale, making photogrammetricmeasurements and counts feasible.1-9
3. Information was obtained from the forest product conversion industriesof South Vietnam and from similar industrial organizations in neighboringcountries to determine a rational basis for setting merchantabilitystandards.Basis for StudyForests throughout the world are subjected to occasional and intermittentmajor structure-modifying events.Such events are commonly referred to ascatastrophies or disasters.Frequently they are caused by such natural phenomenaas hurricanes, typhoons or other major wind storms; avalanches or earthor mud slides; floods; ice storms; lightning-caused fires or epidemic diseaseor insect infestations.Sometimes they originate from human activity such asman-caused fires, land-clearing activities or large-scale, exploitive timberharvesting.Wars have frequently been the causes of such man-caused forest modifications.Forests have historically been the locale for major military actions.Whenthis is the case, the forest is usually one of the victims of the war. Thereare many ways in which military activities centered in a forest can inducemajor modifications in the organization, structure and growth potential of theforest.Areas are cleared to improve visibility for personnel security reasonsor to provide access and mobility via roads and trails.The troops occupyingthe forests cut trees to provide fuel and structural materials for housing, aswell as for the construction of military installations.Trees are cut toprovide camouflage materials and to build and repair bridges.Military forcesengaged in a forest war invariablyuse the forest resource in a very liberalmanner.Among all of the major natural resources, trees are perhaps theeasiest to convert on the spot to useful products with the tools normally avail-1-10
Page 1 and 2: Item D Number ^sse D Not ScannedAut
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH
Page 5: I. Introduction
Page 8 and 9: such a manner as to permit Its exte
Page 10 and 11: for Cambodia east of the Mekong Riv
Page 14 and 15: able to troops. They quickly may be
Page 16 and 17: activity as they and their predeces
Page 18 and 19: subjected to other military actions
Page 20 and 21: forest experiment stations in Thail
Page 22 and 23: SOUTH CHINA SEAFigure 1-2 Military
Page 24 and 25: References Cited(1) Gartuer, E. J.
Page 26 and 27: II.The History of Human Use of the
Page 28 and 29: Cambodian Inventory project says wi
Page 30 and 31: Cambodia's 33»700 square miles of
Page 32 and 33: It Js useful to examine some of the
Page 34 and 35: tree crown densities prior to the I
Page 36 and 37: Both cultivated areas and grassland
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX .1A Study of Succession fr
Page 40 and 41: The permanent denuded quadrat was o
Page 42 and 43: emoved. Ourlnq the 1
Page 44 and 45: trends are still directed toward dr
Page 46 and 47: Table II-l (cont. - 2)SpeciesTotal
Page 48 and 49: Table II-2Species abundance in seed
Page 50 and 51: Table II-3Species from sapling enum
Page 52 and 53: Table II-4 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 54 and 55: Table II-6Species abundance from sa
Page 56 and 57: Table II-7 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 58 and 59: (9) Nuttonson, M. Y., 1963.The phys
Page 60 and 61: A. Identification of Forest Feature
Page 62 and 63:
Beforereviewing the methods by whic
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from that of temperate forests.The
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(Tectona grand is) can be readily s
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Swellengrebel (37) has found that u
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B. Comparison of use of Photogramme
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where H = tree height, CA = crown a
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coefficients were fairly high (r=0.
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therefore would be more easily Iden
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The third approach was to estimate
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dominantly terrestrial. This is due
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provide only a "very rough estimate
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C. Stem Diameter/Crown Diameter Rel
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without the factors of density and
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existing Information from other cou
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Analysis of covarlance was used to
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obtained by many other investigator
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Sampling grid9 x 18 » 162quadrats1
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Table III-lNumber of Quadrats Havin
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Mean number of dead12merchantable t
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E. Errors in Tree Counting and Volu
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Figure III-2J-shaped curve of Tree
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the commercial trees are usually at
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error is the smallesttrees which ha
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Random ErrorEven if a well-trained
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all but the random error by use of
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11. _ 19S9. The Application of Aeri
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31. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropi
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe task of the fore
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Figure IV-1DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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Figure IV-2DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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tuberculatus tree just discussed ha
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In five-meter log components.The vo
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volume at any given time, Is also a
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concerning stand structure while es
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following:total heights, inventory
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species, thus increasing the utiliz
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computed by the following integrati
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D. Exploitable Merchantable Volume
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TABLE IV-6. Exploitable Merchantabl
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ased upon samples of species compos
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METERS50 J4O J?METERS
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extensively by man, they are not co
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12 3VT - Z Z Aa.n.s .v.1=1 j=l ' '
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Table IV-10. Volume SummaryType of
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Table IV-12. Inventory Total Volume
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Table IV-14. Inventory Merchantable
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Table IV-16. Exploitable Merchantab
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(8) Sandrasegaran, K. 1971."Height-
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crop. If there is not a sufficient
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B- Exploited hardwood forestsA larg
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or even extensive areas of timber,
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Vulnerability of forest stands to a
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Table V-l. Crown Characteristics of
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Study of the forests of South Vietn
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the trees continued to grow.The tas
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Having been satisfied that the prot
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commercial species. That is, the de
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Military Region 3.This step, theref
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the number of loss model trees givi
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per tree which is in agreement with
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crownwood yields an estimate of woo
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was not a responsibility of the Com
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Figure V-lUnsprayed forest showing
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Figure V-3Appearance of very old bo
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manufacturing problems; production
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of the overstoryforest cover except
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extensive aerial reconnaissance and
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total area, film j - obtained from
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Table V-l. Basic Data Used in the L
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Table V-2. Results of the loss Made
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gains are rapid until some point af
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species, and environmental conditio
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use of resulting prediction equatio
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transforms.Since there were several
Page 213 and 214:
The usual procedure in assay work p
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Table 1 Herbicides and applications
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Figure 2Response of Plnus lambertia
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- 7(Dto c-D -Ioj?Id(Au>oa-.inO-hI01
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c -\n>in o3 cr-maO c-» to3 rf.at o
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The response of the Inland Forest o
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Darrow, R. A., G. B. Truchulet, C.
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Appendix V-3Inventory Model Descrip
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Thfs procedure was programmed in Fo
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41 3.4742 2.995 14.266 1.587 .078 .
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APPENDIX V-4Computation of Nonmerch
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ehave in response to herbicide trea
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To obtain crown volume, assume crow
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In order to deal in some detail wit
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observation is that many of the tre
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The April 1966 coverage gives no in
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Much of the bombed area in the gene
Page 247 and 248:
Table VT-2The classification of lan
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egetatlonClassTable VI-5 Percent of
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Figure VI-2 Spray Hit Map for the S
Page 253 and 254:
VI !/Figure VI-4 1969 1:50,000 Phot
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Figure VI-6 1967 Photography of the
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vr-nFigure VI-7a Close Up of Road I
Page 259 and 260:
VI-23road 246Total trees relocated
Page 261 and 262:
Figure VI-11 1966 Photography of Va
Page 263 and 264:
VI-2/Figure VI-13 1966 Photography
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- • flrW, >!f » •" "•**VI-2
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The study of the inland forests of
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use might appear to be very substan
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This has been a problem for the for
Page 275 and 276:
If computed on the basis of 90 cubi
Page 277 and 278:
Both Flamm and Westing examine dama
Page 279:
References'. Catfnot, R. 1972. Biol
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Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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