Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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tree crown densities prior to the Initiation of the herbicide treatment program.This forest structure Is a common residual of long term heavy high grading.Removal of all Commercial Trees above a Prescribed SizeA common method of harvesting tropical hardwood stands of all-aged, multispeciesforests in Southeast Asia, where sustained yield forest management ispracticed, is to cut all commercial trees above a prescribed minimum diameterwith a minimum disturbance to the lowest canopy. Examination of the forestmanagement practices of South Vietnam indicates that this is the basic timber. sale practice in that country when the forest service personnel could get intothe forests to supervise and control cutting. In some parts of Southeast Asiaprescriptions under this harvesting system commonly require that trees above theminimum diameter or girth not removed in logging are killed by girdling or withpoisons or herbicides. This is to prevent biasing the species mix of subsequentstands in favor of undesirable species. There Is no Indication that these forestsanitation practices were observed in South Vietnam when forests were accessible.When this type of harvesting proceeds under conditions that minimize disturbanceto the first story of seedlings and saplings or to the soil, experience indicatesthat the subsequent stand develops in a manner that yields at maturity a forestresembling the original one In structure and organization. Meijer (11970) compareda natural stand In North Borneo with an adjacent stand that had been harvested inthis manner forty years prior to the study. He found that where soil and lowerstory disturbance was light, the stand composition In the harvested area wasessentially the same as that of the adjacent natural stand and that the standingvolume at forty years was approximately half of that of the unlogged stand.Forest stands that derived from this form of management would have a higher number ofspecimens In the emergent and main stories than would be the case for high gradedstands. Because of the lack of organized forest management in contemporary SouthH-10
Vietnam, It is difficult to estimate how many hectares of the dense forest reflectthis form of prior treatment. Study of low level aerial photography suggests thatit is very small compared to the area that has been high graded.Where removal of the large trees is accompanied by disturbance of the soiland understory, the pattern of succession in the re-establishment of a high forestIs somewhat different. Stump sprouts from the original stand provide advanceregeneration, bamboo rhizomes provide new culms of bamboo expanding rapidly inthe absence of competition and intolerant species such as Trema, Mai lotus, Hacaranga,etc. Invade the area and compete with the bamboo. Lagerstroemia, which occurs as arelatively infrequent tree in the undisturbed mature forest and as a common overstorytree in the high-graded forest, also occurs as a member of the pioneer species groupIn the forest that appears in early successional stages following abandonment ofareas cropped under shifting cultivation. Where fire is a prominent feature of thedisturbance and it commonly is in South Vietnam, then the early stages of successionare likely to feature heavy intrusions of high grass and bamboo.Removal of the Entire Forest Followed by BurningThis is the case where abandonment after cropping is followed by repeatedburning—the situation in some higher elevation and drier areas. Here the pioneerspecies compete with bamboo, imperata, and elephant grasses for occupation of thesite. Depending upon soil conditions, these sites recover to the closed forestcondition very slowly, Indeed. They give the appearance of seas of bamboo orgrasses. A study of areas such as this in Thailand that were 6, 12, and 26 yearsfollowing abandonment (see Appendix 1) indicated that the seedlings of toleranttrees grew under the shade of the bamboo and grass and eventually emerged iffire did not occur. These observations are consistent with reports on successionfrom other areas of Southeast Asia. Discussing the succession following disturbanceof a dipterocarp forest in the Philippines, Brown (1919) states:11-11
Page 1 and 2: Item D Number ^sse D Not ScannedAut
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH
Page 5: I. Introduction
Page 8 and 9: such a manner as to permit Its exte
Page 10 and 11: for Cambodia east of the Mekong Riv
Page 12 and 13: Inhibited by the absence of a fores
Page 14 and 15: able to troops. They quickly may be
Page 16 and 17: activity as they and their predeces
Page 18 and 19: subjected to other military actions
Page 20 and 21: forest experiment stations in Thail
Page 22 and 23: SOUTH CHINA SEAFigure 1-2 Military
Page 24 and 25: References Cited(1) Gartuer, E. J.
Page 26 and 27: II.The History of Human Use of the
Page 28 and 29: Cambodian Inventory project says wi
Page 30 and 31: Cambodia's 33»700 square miles of
Page 32 and 33: It Js useful to examine some of the
Page 36 and 37: Both cultivated areas and grassland
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX .1A Study of Succession fr
Page 40 and 41: The permanent denuded quadrat was o
Page 42 and 43: emoved. Ourlnq the 1
Page 44 and 45: trends are still directed toward dr
Page 46 and 47: Table II-l (cont. - 2)SpeciesTotal
Page 48 and 49: Table II-2Species abundance in seed
Page 50 and 51: Table II-3Species from sapling enum
Page 52 and 53: Table II-4 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 54 and 55: Table II-6Species abundance from sa
Page 56 and 57: Table II-7 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 58 and 59: (9) Nuttonson, M. Y., 1963.The phys
Page 60 and 61: A. Identification of Forest Feature
Page 62 and 63: Beforereviewing the methods by whic
Page 64 and 65: from that of temperate forests.The
Page 66 and 67: (Tectona grand is) can be readily s
Page 68 and 69: Swellengrebel (37) has found that u
Page 70 and 71: B. Comparison of use of Photogramme
Page 72 and 73: where H = tree height, CA = crown a
Page 74: coefficients were fairly high (r=0.
Page 77 and 78: therefore would be more easily Iden
Page 79 and 80: The third approach was to estimate
Page 81 and 82: dominantly terrestrial. This is due
Page 83 and 84: provide only a "very rough estimate
Page 85 and 86:
C. Stem Diameter/Crown Diameter Rel
Page 87 and 88:
without the factors of density and
Page 89 and 90:
existing Information from other cou
Page 91 and 92:
Analysis of covarlance was used to
Page 93 and 94:
obtained by many other investigator
Page 95 and 96:
Sampling grid9 x 18 » 162quadrats1
Page 97 and 98:
Table III-lNumber of Quadrats Havin
Page 99 and 100:
Mean number of dead12merchantable t
Page 101 and 102:
E. Errors in Tree Counting and Volu
Page 103 and 104:
Figure III-2J-shaped curve of Tree
Page 105 and 106:
the commercial trees are usually at
Page 107 and 108:
error is the smallesttrees which ha
Page 109 and 110:
Random ErrorEven if a well-trained
Page 111 and 112:
all but the random error by use of
Page 113 and 114:
11. _ 19S9. The Application of Aeri
Page 115 and 116:
31. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropi
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe task of the fore
Page 119 and 120:
Figure IV-1DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
Page 121 and 122:
Figure IV-2DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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tuberculatus tree just discussed ha
Page 125 and 126:
In five-meter log components.The vo
Page 127 and 128:
volume at any given time, Is also a
Page 129 and 130:
concerning stand structure while es
Page 131 and 132:
following:total heights, inventory
Page 133 and 134:
species, thus increasing the utiliz
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computed by the following integrati
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D. Exploitable Merchantable Volume
Page 139 and 140:
TABLE IV-6. Exploitable Merchantabl
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ased upon samples of species compos
Page 143 and 144:
METERS50 J4O J?METERS
Page 145 and 146:
extensively by man, they are not co
Page 147 and 148:
12 3VT - Z Z Aa.n.s .v.1=1 j=l ' '
Page 149 and 150:
Table IV-10. Volume SummaryType of
Page 151 and 152:
Table IV-12. Inventory Total Volume
Page 153 and 154:
Table IV-14. Inventory Merchantable
Page 155 and 156:
Table IV-16. Exploitable Merchantab
Page 157 and 158:
(8) Sandrasegaran, K. 1971."Height-
Page 159 and 160:
crop. If there is not a sufficient
Page 161 and 162:
B- Exploited hardwood forestsA larg
Page 163:
or even extensive areas of timber,
Page 167 and 168:
Vulnerability of forest stands to a
Page 169 and 170:
Table V-l. Crown Characteristics of
Page 171 and 172:
Study of the forests of South Vietn
Page 173 and 174:
the trees continued to grow.The tas
Page 175 and 176:
Having been satisfied that the prot
Page 177 and 178:
commercial species. That is, the de
Page 179 and 180:
Military Region 3.This step, theref
Page 181 and 182:
the number of loss model trees givi
Page 183 and 184:
per tree which is in agreement with
Page 185 and 186:
crownwood yields an estimate of woo
Page 187 and 188:
was not a responsibility of the Com
Page 189 and 190:
Figure V-lUnsprayed forest showing
Page 191 and 192:
Figure V-3Appearance of very old bo
Page 193 and 194:
manufacturing problems; production
Page 195 and 196:
of the overstoryforest cover except
Page 197 and 198:
extensive aerial reconnaissance and
Page 199 and 200:
total area, film j - obtained from
Page 201 and 202:
Table V-l. Basic Data Used in the L
Page 203 and 204:
Table V-2. Results of the loss Made
Page 205 and 206:
gains are rapid until some point af
Page 207 and 208:
species, and environmental conditio
Page 209 and 210:
use of resulting prediction equatio
Page 211 and 212:
transforms.Since there were several
Page 213 and 214:
The usual procedure in assay work p
Page 215 and 216:
Table 1 Herbicides and applications
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 2Response of Plnus lambertia
Page 219 and 220:
- 7(Dto c-D -Ioj?Id(Au>oa-.inO-hI01
Page 221 and 222:
c -\n>in o3 cr-maO c-» to3 rf.at o
Page 223 and 224:
The response of the Inland Forest o
Page 225 and 226:
Darrow, R. A., G. B. Truchulet, C.
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix V-3Inventory Model Descrip
Page 229 and 230:
Thfs procedure was programmed in Fo
Page 231 and 232:
41 3.4742 2.995 14.266 1.587 .078 .
Page 233 and 234:
APPENDIX V-4Computation of Nonmerch
Page 235 and 236:
ehave in response to herbicide trea
Page 237 and 238:
To obtain crown volume, assume crow
Page 239 and 240:
In order to deal in some detail wit
Page 241 and 242:
observation is that many of the tre
Page 243 and 244:
The April 1966 coverage gives no in
Page 245 and 246:
Much of the bombed area in the gene
Page 247 and 248:
Table VT-2The classification of lan
Page 249 and 250:
egetatlonClassTable VI-5 Percent of
Page 251 and 252:
Figure VI-2 Spray Hit Map for the S
Page 253 and 254:
VI !/Figure VI-4 1969 1:50,000 Phot
Page 255 and 256:
Figure VI-6 1967 Photography of the
Page 257 and 258:
vr-nFigure VI-7a Close Up of Road I
Page 259 and 260:
VI-23road 246Total trees relocated
Page 261 and 262:
Figure VI-11 1966 Photography of Va
Page 263 and 264:
VI-2/Figure VI-13 1966 Photography
Page 265:
- • flrW, >!f » •" "•**VI-2
Page 269 and 270:
The study of the inland forests of
Page 271 and 272:
use might appear to be very substan
Page 273 and 274:
This has been a problem for the for
Page 275 and 276:
If computed on the basis of 90 cubi
Page 277 and 278:
Both Flamm and Westing examine dama
Page 279:
References'. Catfnot, R. 1972. Biol
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