Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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Cambodia's 33»700 square miles of forests cover approximately50 percent of the country's total land area,andare entirely in the public domain... The dense forests,or remnants of these, are located in the districts ofStung-Treng, Krattc, Kompong-Thom, Kampot, and Battambang...Stands along the principal rivers have been cut overIndiscriminately by the natives. But a few miles fromfloatable streams there are still almost intact undisturbedstands. In some areas attempts have been made to exploitand develop these stands by opening up roadways....It Is estimated that the forests of Laos cover approximately62,000 square miles, or equivalent to about two-thirds ofthe total area of the country.... As in adjoining countries,shifting cultivation accompanied by periodic fires is practicedthroughout the years by hill tribes inhabiting the mountainsand plateaus. This has resulted in extensive destruction ofvaluable primary forests. In addition, uncontrolled exploitationof commercial timbers and minor forest products has long beenconducted In a wasteful manner.Kernan (1968) writing for the Joint Development Group notes that:Almost every forester who has visited and written aboutVietnam has stated that the forests are being seriouslyovercut and have been for centuries. Typical of thesestrictures are those of Couffinal (192^) and Cliff (1966).The latter even uses the words "pillage" and "ravage"to describe the clearing of land for agriculture.McKinley (1957) used the word "devastation" to describethe removal of "fine" trees by the Japanese.Kernan (log cit) objects to the adjectives used by many to describe the results ofhuman use of the forests of South Vietnam asking with respect to the Japaneseexploitation "But in allones worth taking out".reason, what other trees would they remove than theHe suggests that "from a different and not necessarilyworse point of view one can use the terms 'land development 1and 'selectiveharvesting 1 to describe the same activities. Many scientists object to derogatoryreference to shifting agriculture on the basis that it is an appropriate land useand the only feasible one in a situation where rural populations must grow theircrops on land too infertile to sustain permanent agriculture without massiveadditions of fertilizer.Whether past use of the forest land is considered to be"good" or "bad" there Is little disagreement among competent observers that theforests have been heavily used by man for centuries and that they depart a greatII-6
deal from the form and structure of the original virgin forest.French colonialforest administration encouraged this type of forest use when it set aside limitedareas of forest In parks and reservesuse.and relegated the remainder to non-forestDuring the war that has proceeded almost continuously for the past twentyfiveyears, there has beenand parks. Kernan (_loc clt)states that:little opportunity to protect even the forest reservesManagement plans are inoperative and the distinctionhas been lost between forest land reserved for permanentproduction and forest land protected for ultimateconversion to agriculture. The Forestry Administrationcannot send anyone Into the forest to inspect or superviselogging. Consequently it has no way to distinguish whichlogs have been cut on areas legally designated for cutting. 'This extensively and diversely used forest carried theadded burden of providing the environment for a "forestwar".It was portions of this forest that were treated with herbicide.The task ofthe forestry study team was to determine the pre-spray status of the herbicideimpacted portions of the forest.modified by human use for many hundreds of years.The forests of the Indo-chlna peninsula have beenWhether this modification constitutesdevastation or reasonable use is a matter of individual opinion but the fact of greatchange from the original natural stands is well documented.modification is a function of population pressure and accessibility.The extent of theThe level ofchange varies from country to country and from region to region within each country.The forests of South Vietnam have been modified by use more than those of the otherfour countries. Thailand's forests have been changed somewhat less followed indecreasing order of modification by Cambodia and Laos.The forests of Cambodia areharvested not only for the benefit of the endemic population but also to provideresources for neighboring South Vietnam.Logs from Cambodia are moved down the MekongRiver and sold to the sawmills of the Mekong delta in South Vietnam. This trade inlogs has continued briskly throughout the period of the war.II-7
Page 1 and 2: Item D Number ^sse D Not ScannedAut
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH
Page 5: I. Introduction
Page 8 and 9: such a manner as to permit Its exte
Page 10 and 11: for Cambodia east of the Mekong Riv
Page 12 and 13: Inhibited by the absence of a fores
Page 14 and 15: able to troops. They quickly may be
Page 16 and 17: activity as they and their predeces
Page 18 and 19: subjected to other military actions
Page 20 and 21: forest experiment stations in Thail
Page 22 and 23: SOUTH CHINA SEAFigure 1-2 Military
Page 24 and 25: References Cited(1) Gartuer, E. J.
Page 26 and 27: II.The History of Human Use of the
Page 28 and 29: Cambodian Inventory project says wi
Page 32 and 33: It Js useful to examine some of the
Page 34 and 35: tree crown densities prior to the I
Page 36 and 37: Both cultivated areas and grassland
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX .1A Study of Succession fr
Page 40 and 41: The permanent denuded quadrat was o
Page 42 and 43: emoved. Ourlnq the 1
Page 44 and 45: trends are still directed toward dr
Page 46 and 47: Table II-l (cont. - 2)SpeciesTotal
Page 48 and 49: Table II-2Species abundance in seed
Page 50 and 51: Table II-3Species from sapling enum
Page 52 and 53: Table II-4 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 54 and 55: Table II-6Species abundance from sa
Page 56 and 57: Table II-7 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 58 and 59: (9) Nuttonson, M. Y., 1963.The phys
Page 60 and 61: A. Identification of Forest Feature
Page 62 and 63: Beforereviewing the methods by whic
Page 64 and 65: from that of temperate forests.The
Page 66 and 67: (Tectona grand is) can be readily s
Page 68 and 69: Swellengrebel (37) has found that u
Page 70 and 71: B. Comparison of use of Photogramme
Page 72 and 73: where H = tree height, CA = crown a
Page 74: coefficients were fairly high (r=0.
Page 77 and 78: therefore would be more easily Iden
Page 79 and 80: The third approach was to estimate
Page 81 and 82:
dominantly terrestrial. This is due
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provide only a "very rough estimate
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C. Stem Diameter/Crown Diameter Rel
Page 87 and 88:
without the factors of density and
Page 89 and 90:
existing Information from other cou
Page 91 and 92:
Analysis of covarlance was used to
Page 93 and 94:
obtained by many other investigator
Page 95 and 96:
Sampling grid9 x 18 » 162quadrats1
Page 97 and 98:
Table III-lNumber of Quadrats Havin
Page 99 and 100:
Mean number of dead12merchantable t
Page 101 and 102:
E. Errors in Tree Counting and Volu
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Figure III-2J-shaped curve of Tree
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the commercial trees are usually at
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error is the smallesttrees which ha
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Random ErrorEven if a well-trained
Page 111 and 112:
all but the random error by use of
Page 113 and 114:
11. _ 19S9. The Application of Aeri
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31. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropi
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe task of the fore
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Figure IV-1DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
Page 121 and 122:
Figure IV-2DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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tuberculatus tree just discussed ha
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In five-meter log components.The vo
Page 127 and 128:
volume at any given time, Is also a
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concerning stand structure while es
Page 131 and 132:
following:total heights, inventory
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species, thus increasing the utiliz
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computed by the following integrati
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D. Exploitable Merchantable Volume
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TABLE IV-6. Exploitable Merchantabl
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ased upon samples of species compos
Page 143 and 144:
METERS50 J4O J?METERS
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extensively by man, they are not co
Page 147 and 148:
12 3VT - Z Z Aa.n.s .v.1=1 j=l ' '
Page 149 and 150:
Table IV-10. Volume SummaryType of
Page 151 and 152:
Table IV-12. Inventory Total Volume
Page 153 and 154:
Table IV-14. Inventory Merchantable
Page 155 and 156:
Table IV-16. Exploitable Merchantab
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(8) Sandrasegaran, K. 1971."Height-
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crop. If there is not a sufficient
Page 161 and 162:
B- Exploited hardwood forestsA larg
Page 163:
or even extensive areas of timber,
Page 167 and 168:
Vulnerability of forest stands to a
Page 169 and 170:
Table V-l. Crown Characteristics of
Page 171 and 172:
Study of the forests of South Vietn
Page 173 and 174:
the trees continued to grow.The tas
Page 175 and 176:
Having been satisfied that the prot
Page 177 and 178:
commercial species. That is, the de
Page 179 and 180:
Military Region 3.This step, theref
Page 181 and 182:
the number of loss model trees givi
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per tree which is in agreement with
Page 185 and 186:
crownwood yields an estimate of woo
Page 187 and 188:
was not a responsibility of the Com
Page 189 and 190:
Figure V-lUnsprayed forest showing
Page 191 and 192:
Figure V-3Appearance of very old bo
Page 193 and 194:
manufacturing problems; production
Page 195 and 196:
of the overstoryforest cover except
Page 197 and 198:
extensive aerial reconnaissance and
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total area, film j - obtained from
Page 201 and 202:
Table V-l. Basic Data Used in the L
Page 203 and 204:
Table V-2. Results of the loss Made
Page 205 and 206:
gains are rapid until some point af
Page 207 and 208:
species, and environmental conditio
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use of resulting prediction equatio
Page 211 and 212:
transforms.Since there were several
Page 213 and 214:
The usual procedure in assay work p
Page 215 and 216:
Table 1 Herbicides and applications
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 2Response of Plnus lambertia
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- 7(Dto c-D -Ioj?Id(Au>oa-.inO-hI01
Page 221 and 222:
c -\n>in o3 cr-maO c-» to3 rf.at o
Page 223 and 224:
The response of the Inland Forest o
Page 225 and 226:
Darrow, R. A., G. B. Truchulet, C.
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix V-3Inventory Model Descrip
Page 229 and 230:
Thfs procedure was programmed in Fo
Page 231 and 232:
41 3.4742 2.995 14.266 1.587 .078 .
Page 233 and 234:
APPENDIX V-4Computation of Nonmerch
Page 235 and 236:
ehave in response to herbicide trea
Page 237 and 238:
To obtain crown volume, assume crow
Page 239 and 240:
In order to deal in some detail wit
Page 241 and 242:
observation is that many of the tre
Page 243 and 244:
The April 1966 coverage gives no in
Page 245 and 246:
Much of the bombed area in the gene
Page 247 and 248:
Table VT-2The classification of lan
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egetatlonClassTable VI-5 Percent of
Page 251 and 252:
Figure VI-2 Spray Hit Map for the S
Page 253 and 254:
VI !/Figure VI-4 1969 1:50,000 Phot
Page 255 and 256:
Figure VI-6 1967 Photography of the
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vr-nFigure VI-7a Close Up of Road I
Page 259 and 260:
VI-23road 246Total trees relocated
Page 261 and 262:
Figure VI-11 1966 Photography of Va
Page 263 and 264:
VI-2/Figure VI-13 1966 Photography
Page 265:
- • flrW, >!f » •" "•**VI-2
Page 269 and 270:
The study of the inland forests of
Page 271 and 272:
use might appear to be very substan
Page 273 and 274:
This has been a problem for the for
Page 275 and 276:
If computed on the basis of 90 cubi
Page 277 and 278:
Both Flamm and Westing examine dama
Page 279:
References'. Catfnot, R. 1972. Biol
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