Part B, Working Papers, February 1974 - Special Collections - US ...

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subjected to other military actions such as bombing, shelling and land clearingto reduce ambush danger along transportation corridors and to construct roadsand trails.In addition, the forests continued to be harvested by both combatantsand non-combatants for timber and fuelwood, and cut and burned toprovide agricultural clearings (swidden).Even the non-combatant activitiessuch as fuelwood cutting, commercial timber harvesting and cut-and-burntemporary farming were modified by the war in terms of location and intensity.Military activities in a forest area denied loggers access to their normalsources of logs.Restrictions on the use of roads and blockage of the arteriesof transportation from forest to mill caused modifications in the usual patternof wood utilization.Military use of forests tnterferred with the normal cycleof clear, use and abandon that typifies temporary agriculture.Whole populationsof forest-using people were moved out of their normal settings andresettled in areas where their customary forest-related life styles were notfeasible.All of these activities and more influenced the changes that occurredin the forests during the period between 1962 and 1971.The same forests that were treated with herbicides were also subjectedto other military impacts.They were frequently bombed and shelled before,during and after the various herbicide events.Since the herbicides werenormally used on forests occupied by opposition troops, they were also theforests that were being subjected to the military impact of army harvestingto meet housing, fuel and military tactical needs.These forests were alsoused between military events for non-combatant logging and temporary agriculture.The many impacts, military and civilian reinforced, compensated forand confounded each other to produce the totality of the change that occurredover time.1-15
Because of this confounding of effects and the problems of securitythat inhibited detailed on-the-ground study of the forests of South Vietnam,the forestry study team examined the South Vietnamese forests as a geographicalsub-division of the Indo-Chinese peninsula.This peninsula lies betweenIndia and China and is bounded by the Bay of Bengal on the west and the SouthChina Sea on the east.political sub-divisions.It is comprised of all or part of several majorThese include North Vietnam, South Vietnam, Cambodia,Laos, Thailand and parts of Malaysia and Burma.The portion of the Indo-Chinapeninsula that Is of particular interest is that portion that is the Mekongriver basin and the watersheds of smaller rivers draining out of South Vietnaminto the South China Sea.Since the forests are not constrained by politicalboundaries, the major forest types have their counterparts in various politicaljurisdictions.Because of the paucity of information concerning the forestsof the political entlty of South Vietnam and because of the inaccessibility ofthese forests, much information relevant to the defoliation assessment problemscan be obtained concerning these forests by studying their counterparts.Williams (1965), after making a study of the forest types of Southeast Asia,indicates that "the vegetation of Thailand, in general, is representative ofthe countries drained by the Mekong river and its tributaries."Much moreresearch has been conducted on the forests of Thailand and Malaysia than onthe forests of the former French colonies on the peninsula.Almost continuouswar has prevented forest Inventory and growth and yield studies in the peninsulacountries since they obtained their independence.Detailed forestinventories have been made of the forests of Thailand (1963) in the Mekongbasin.A less well documented inventory was prepared for that portion ofCambodia (1962) that lies east of the Mekong river.In addition, there are1-16
Page 1 and 2: Item D Number ^sse D Not ScannedAut
Page 3 and 4: THE EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES IN SOUTH
Page 5: I. Introduction
Page 8 and 9: such a manner as to permit Its exte
Page 10 and 11: for Cambodia east of the Mekong Riv
Page 12 and 13: Inhibited by the absence of a fores
Page 14 and 15: able to troops. They quickly may be
Page 16 and 17: activity as they and their predeces
Page 20 and 21: forest experiment stations in Thail
Page 22 and 23: SOUTH CHINA SEAFigure 1-2 Military
Page 24 and 25: References Cited(1) Gartuer, E. J.
Page 26 and 27: II.The History of Human Use of the
Page 28 and 29: Cambodian Inventory project says wi
Page 30 and 31: Cambodia's 33»700 square miles of
Page 32 and 33: It Js useful to examine some of the
Page 34 and 35: tree crown densities prior to the I
Page 36 and 37: Both cultivated areas and grassland
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX .1A Study of Succession fr
Page 40 and 41: The permanent denuded quadrat was o
Page 42 and 43: emoved. Ourlnq the 1
Page 44 and 45: trends are still directed toward dr
Page 46 and 47: Table II-l (cont. - 2)SpeciesTotal
Page 48 and 49: Table II-2Species abundance in seed
Page 50 and 51: Table II-3Species from sapling enum
Page 52 and 53: Table II-4 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 54 and 55: Table II-6Species abundance from sa
Page 56 and 57: Table II-7 (Cont. - p. 2)SpeciesTot
Page 58 and 59: (9) Nuttonson, M. Y., 1963.The phys
Page 60 and 61: A. Identification of Forest Feature
Page 62 and 63: Beforereviewing the methods by whic
Page 64 and 65: from that of temperate forests.The
Page 66 and 67: (Tectona grand is) can be readily s
Page 68 and 69:
Swellengrebel (37) has found that u
Page 70 and 71:
B. Comparison of use of Photogramme
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where H = tree height, CA = crown a
Page 74:
coefficients were fairly high (r=0.
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therefore would be more easily Iden
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The third approach was to estimate
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dominantly terrestrial. This is due
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provide only a "very rough estimate
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C. Stem Diameter/Crown Diameter Rel
Page 87 and 88:
without the factors of density and
Page 89 and 90:
existing Information from other cou
Page 91 and 92:
Analysis of covarlance was used to
Page 93 and 94:
obtained by many other investigator
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Sampling grid9 x 18 » 162quadrats1
Page 97 and 98:
Table III-lNumber of Quadrats Havin
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Mean number of dead12merchantable t
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E. Errors in Tree Counting and Volu
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Figure III-2J-shaped curve of Tree
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the commercial trees are usually at
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error is the smallesttrees which ha
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Random ErrorEven if a well-trained
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all but the random error by use of
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11. _ 19S9. The Application of Aeri
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31. Richards, P. W. 1952. The Tropi
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I. INTRODUCTIONThe task of the fore
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Figure IV-1DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
Page 121 and 122:
Figure IV-2DIAMETER-HEIGHT RELATION
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tuberculatus tree just discussed ha
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In five-meter log components.The vo
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volume at any given time, Is also a
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concerning stand structure while es
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following:total heights, inventory
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species, thus increasing the utiliz
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computed by the following integrati
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D. Exploitable Merchantable Volume
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TABLE IV-6. Exploitable Merchantabl
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ased upon samples of species compos
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METERS50 J4O J?METERS
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extensively by man, they are not co
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12 3VT - Z Z Aa.n.s .v.1=1 j=l ' '
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Table IV-10. Volume SummaryType of
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Table IV-12. Inventory Total Volume
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Table IV-14. Inventory Merchantable
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Table IV-16. Exploitable Merchantab
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(8) Sandrasegaran, K. 1971."Height-
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crop. If there is not a sufficient
Page 161 and 162:
B- Exploited hardwood forestsA larg
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or even extensive areas of timber,
Page 167 and 168:
Vulnerability of forest stands to a
Page 169 and 170:
Table V-l. Crown Characteristics of
Page 171 and 172:
Study of the forests of South Vietn
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the trees continued to grow.The tas
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Having been satisfied that the prot
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commercial species. That is, the de
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Military Region 3.This step, theref
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the number of loss model trees givi
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per tree which is in agreement with
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crownwood yields an estimate of woo
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was not a responsibility of the Com
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Figure V-lUnsprayed forest showing
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Figure V-3Appearance of very old bo
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manufacturing problems; production
Page 195 and 196:
of the overstoryforest cover except
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extensive aerial reconnaissance and
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total area, film j - obtained from
Page 201 and 202:
Table V-l. Basic Data Used in the L
Page 203 and 204:
Table V-2. Results of the loss Made
Page 205 and 206:
gains are rapid until some point af
Page 207 and 208:
species, and environmental conditio
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use of resulting prediction equatio
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transforms.Since there were several
Page 213 and 214:
The usual procedure in assay work p
Page 215 and 216:
Table 1 Herbicides and applications
Page 217 and 218:
Figure 2Response of Plnus lambertia
Page 219 and 220:
- 7(Dto c-D -Ioj?Id(Au>oa-.inO-hI01
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c -\n>in o3 cr-maO c-» to3 rf.at o
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The response of the Inland Forest o
Page 225 and 226:
Darrow, R. A., G. B. Truchulet, C.
Page 227 and 228:
Appendix V-3Inventory Model Descrip
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Thfs procedure was programmed in Fo
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41 3.4742 2.995 14.266 1.587 .078 .
Page 233 and 234:
APPENDIX V-4Computation of Nonmerch
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ehave in response to herbicide trea
Page 237 and 238:
To obtain crown volume, assume crow
Page 239 and 240:
In order to deal in some detail wit
Page 241 and 242:
observation is that many of the tre
Page 243 and 244:
The April 1966 coverage gives no in
Page 245 and 246:
Much of the bombed area in the gene
Page 247 and 248:
Table VT-2The classification of lan
Page 249 and 250:
egetatlonClassTable VI-5 Percent of
Page 251 and 252:
Figure VI-2 Spray Hit Map for the S
Page 253 and 254:
VI !/Figure VI-4 1969 1:50,000 Phot
Page 255 and 256:
Figure VI-6 1967 Photography of the
Page 257 and 258:
vr-nFigure VI-7a Close Up of Road I
Page 259 and 260:
VI-23road 246Total trees relocated
Page 261 and 262:
Figure VI-11 1966 Photography of Va
Page 263 and 264:
VI-2/Figure VI-13 1966 Photography
Page 265:
- • flrW, >!f » •" "•**VI-2
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The study of the inland forests of
Page 271 and 272:
use might appear to be very substan
Page 273 and 274:
This has been a problem for the for
Page 275 and 276:
If computed on the basis of 90 cubi
Page 277 and 278:
Both Flamm and Westing examine dama
Page 279:
References'. Catfnot, R. 1972. Biol
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