Annual Report 2011-2012 - Nabi.res.in

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NATIONAL AGRI-FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTEFigure 6: Chromatograms representing the anthocyanins (top) in the pericarp andsugars (bottom) in the aril of litchi fruit.of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, xanthophyll tissue showed that the concentrations ofand pheophytin in the pericarp tissue fructose, glucose and sucrose increaseddeclined during maturation in three significantly during maturation. Fructosecultivars.was found to be the principal sugar followedby glucose and sucrose in all cultivars.2. Figure 6 represents the chromatograms of'Seedless' cultivar showed the highestvarious targeted metabolites such asconcentration of sucrose at the red-ripe stageanthocyanins and sugars. Cyanidin-3-ocomparedto other cultivars, 'Dehradun' andrutinoside (Cyn-3-o-rut) was identified and'Calcuttia'. Among organic acids, malic acidquantified as the major anthocyaninwas the predominant acid in all threepigment in all three cultivars and wascultivars. The other organic acids includeddetected during colour break/pink stage andcitric acid, succinic acid, tartaric acid andshowed increasing trend during maturation.shikimic acid. The concentration of malicThe concentration of Cyn-3-o-rut wasacid and other minor organic acids declinedmaximum in 'Dehradun' cultivar followedwith the progress of maturation of aril tissue.by 'Calcuttia' and 'Seedless'.The protocols developed for identification3. The other anthocyanin pigments were and quantification of these metabolites willidentified as cyanidin-3-o-glucoside, be used for objective assessment of thecyanidin-3, 5-diglucoside and cyanidin-3-o- effects of various postharvest treatments ongalactoside. The sugar profiling of fruit aril litchi fruits27
NATIONAL AGRI-FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE3. BASIC BIOLOGY FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT3.1 Biology of seed development in custardapple and litchiPrincipal Investigator:Rakesh TuliCo-Investigator:Sudhir P. SinghResearch Fellow:Yogesh GuptaIntroduction:28carpels (>100). Each carpel has a singleanatropous ovule that may develop into a singleseed. The Annona fruit develops from the clusterof fertilized carpels, thus the aggregate fruitcontains several fruitlets. Out of the multiplefruitlets a few fruitlets develop naturally, withoutseeds. Annona squamosa produces fruits withgreater number of seed fruitlets, sixty-eightyseeds per fruit. A contrasting genotype, namedNMK-1, has been identified having fewernumbers of seeded fruitlets and many of thefruitlets are seedless (Figure 1). The varietyselected from the seedling population of Annonasquamosa by a farmer, Shri N. M. Kaspate ofMadhuban nursery, Solapur, Maharastra.Seeds in many fruit crops like custard apple, litchi,guava, orange, mango and grape are a hindrance tofruit processing and fresh fruit consumption.Sugar (or Custard) apple, a popular fruitThe aim of the project is to understand thethroughout the tropics, belongs to genus Annona.molecular basis of the development of seeded andThe genus Annona contains about one hundredseedless fruitlets in the same fruit of Annonaand twenty species, out of which six speciessquamosa. The major research objective is to doproduce edible fruits; Annona squamosa (Sugartissue specific differential transcriptomics inapple or Sarifa or Sitafal), Annona reticulatadeveloping fruitlets of Annona species for(Custard apple or Bullock's heart or Ramphal),identifying genes involved in seed development.Annona cherimola (Cherimoya or Hanumanfal),Annona muricata (Sour sop), Annona atemoya Litchi is another crop where seedlessness is a(Laxmanphal, a hybrid between Annona desirable trait. The inflorescence is composed ofcherimola and Annona squamosa), Annona several panicles bearing three types of flowersdiversifolia (Ilama) (Gandhi and Gopalkrishna, which open in succession with the same panicle.1957). Annona squamosa is the most popular The three types of flowers are (type 1) male flowerspecies in India. The Annona species flowers which has functional anthers but lacks pistil, (typecomprise of a cluster of stamens (>200) and2) hermaphrodite female flower which hasACcompletely developed pistil but the anthers donot dehisce and contain very less number ofviable pollen. The ovary is bicarpellary, eachcontaining an ovule, (type 3) hermaphroditeBDmale flower is a functional male, which haspistil but lacks stigma and thus pollen fail toenter. The litchi fruit develops from type 2flowers. Generally only one carpel of type 2flower gets developed into fruit afterFigure 1: Seed percentage in the contrasting cutivars of pollination. Botanically the fruit is a drupe.custard apple. (A) Flower of Annona squamosa withmultiple stamens and pistils. (B) Seed percentage in the The edible part of the fruit is called as aril (orfruits of Annona squamosa and NMK-1. (C) Fruits of pulp) which is an outgrowth of the outercontrasting genotypes of Annona squamosa and (D)NMK-1.integument. Some litchi accessions, popularly
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