from one supplier to another. It could take several weeks to get the manufacturing schedule andrequirements to all component factories and vendors. To minimize the impact of delays anderrors caused by miscommunication, the assembly plant kept a large inventory of parts on-hand.Today, automobile manufacturers and their large suppliers communicate production andscheduling requirements via EDI. The assembly plant electronically sends the supplier an 8- to12-week forecast or build plan. Daily production requirements detailing the number of partsneeded at each plant at specific scheduled times are also communicated electronically. When theparts are ready and loaded in the trailer, the supplier notifies the assembly plant that the parts areon their way. The plant schedules its lines to coincide with the arrival of the trailers. By changingits assembly process to take advantage of the more accurate and timely information they receiveelectronically, most North American assembly locations turn inventory 130 times per year, upfrom 7 to 10 times per year in the past. 50In January 1994, Chrysler, Ford, GM, Johnson Controls and 12 of their suppliers began workingtogether as part of the Manufacturing Assembly Pilot (MAP) to further improve material flowwithin a pilot four-tier seat assembly supply chain. At the project’s outset, it took four to sixweeks for material release information to reach the bottom of the supply chain. Along the way,information was distorted and truncated. The resulting late, inaccurate and untrusted informationcost millions of dollars in the form of “just-in-case” inventories, premium freight, unplanned setupsand changeovers, and other inefficiencies.By electronically connecting the MAP participants, production schedules reached the bottom ofthe supply chain in less than two weeks. On-time shipments improved 6 percent. Error rateswere reduced by 72 percent. Up to eight hours per week per customer was saved in labor costs.Connecting all levels of suppliers through the entire industry via EDI could save nearly $1.1billion annually—a cost savings of $71 or more per car—and decrease information lead-time tojust one day between each tier of the supply chain. 51The automotive industry is now investing in a new venture, the Automotive Network Exchange(ANX), a managed “virtual private network” that runs over the Internet and links manufacturersand suppliers worldwide. ANX will electronically link those suppliers who still communicate tothe automotive manufacturers by fax, phone and mail. And, it will replace the thousands of directdial connections with a single network, considerably lowering the transmission costs borne by themanufacturers and the suppliers. Scheduled to be fully implemented by 2000, the network willelectronically route product shipment schedules, CAD files for product designs, purchase orders,payments and other business information. Participating automobile manufacturers believe thatANX has the potential to reduce the product development and manufacturing cycles even further,as well as improve many other key business processes.The results achieved by the auto industry through EDI can be, and are being, replicated in manyother industries. Because of its low cost and ease of use, the Internet will help accelerate the paceat which businesses communicate with each other electronically and the benefits they can realize.18
MORE EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE CUSTOMER SERVICECompanies are beginning to use the Internet for customer service. Having product descriptions,technical support and order status information online not only saves money by freeing up acompany’s own customer service staff to handle more complicated questions and managecustomer relations, it can also lead to more satisfied customers.Companies have long gathered and stored information about customers and products in databasesthat only certain authorized employees can access. Innovative businesses are finding ways to tapthe potential of that information, making it available to those who need it most—whether it’s acustomer service representative answering a phone call or a customer looking for accountinformation or technical support online.Few things are more frustrating to a customer than uncertainty about when an important purchasewill arrive. Too often, phone calls to a supplier result in a series of transfers from one departmentto another and an eventual promise to check on the status of the order and to call the customerback. This pattern consumes time and money for the customer and the seller.Delivery companies are helping their business partners solve this problem via the Internet. Acustomer can go to the company’s Web site, enter his order number, and find out that the productis already on a FedEx or a UPS truck and is expected to arrive the next morning. Thisinformation can be retrieved from the company’s Web site in less than a minute.In addition to improved customer satisfaction, companies using the Internet for customer servicereport savings from putting order tracking, software downloads and technical support informationonline. For instance, Cisco reports that its customer service productivity has increased by 200 to300 percent, resulting in savings of $125 million in customer service costs. Dell estimates that itsaves several million dollars a year by having basic customer service and technical supportfunctions available on the Internet.LOWER SALES AND MARKETING COSTSAn individual sales person can support as many customer accounts as he can physically visit orcontact by telephone. Therefore, as the number of accounts increases, so does the size of thesales force. Even direct marketing companies increase staffing as telephone order volumeincreases. By contrast, a Web business can add new customers with little or no additional cost.Because its sales function is housed in a computer server rather than physical store locations orsales people, its reach is bounded only by the capacity of the servers to respond to inquiries andorders.The Internet can also make traditional sales organizations, layered distribution channels, catalogsales and advertising more efficient. With automated ordering capabilities, sales representativesno longer have to prepare time-consuming manual orders. Instead, they can spend time building19
- Page 2 and 3: Frequently Asked QuestionsHow was t
- Page 6 and 7: Commissioner BiographiesDean Andal,
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- Page 11 and 12: Robert Novick, General Counsel,Offi
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- Page 15 and 16: (d) Definition of Generally Imposed
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- Page 19 and 20: (b) Membership.--(1) In general.--T
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- Page 25 and 26: (B) Exception.--Such term does not
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- Page 33 and 34: INTRODUCTIONDuring the past few yea
- Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER ONE:THE DIGITAL REVOLUTIONT
- Page 37 and 38: What makes this rise in IT’s nomi
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- Page 41 and 42: Hundreds of new firms are starting
- Page 43 and 44: Table 3. The Race to Build Out the
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- Page 48 and 49: increased 40 percent over the previ
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- Page 74 and 75: CONVENIENCEConsumers cite convenien
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- Page 84 and 85: ENDNOTES1. “Monetary Policy Testi
- Page 86 and 87: (CERN) in Switzerland. In 1991, the
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