Radiographic findings in several joints of nine bears

Pathologies of the group “Dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system”
Fig. 4a
Fig. 4b Fig. 4c
Fig. 4 a, b and c. Brown bear (Ursus arctos), 28 yr-old. Fig. 4a: osteoarthrosis with loss of the
articular cartilage and presence of linear grooving in subchondral plate (arrow) of the processus
anconaeus. Fig. 4b: osteoarthrosis with focal-extensive loss of the articular cartilage of the distal
humerus (arrow). Fig. 4c: Degeneration of the intervertebral disk and sclerosis of the vertebral bone
(Th2-Th3).
Fig. 5a
Fig. 5b
Fig. 5c
Fig. 5 a, b and c. Leopard (Panthera pardus), 17 yr-old. Fig. 5a: osteoarthrosis with flattening of
the caput humeri. Osteophyte proliferation around caput humeri and in sulcus intertubercularis.
Fig. 5b: complete loss of articular cartilage and eburnification of the condylus lateralis and severe
deep linear grooving in the epiphyseal bone of the condylus medialis of the right humerus. Fig. 5c:
severe deep linear grooving and osteophyte proliferation of the ulna head with fracture of the
incisura trochlearis.
Fig. 6a Fig. 6b
Fig. 6c
Fig. 6 a, b and c. Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), 18 yr-old. Third phalanx of the medial claw of the
right forelimb with articular fracture (arrows). 30