Jews in Leipzig - The University of Texas at Austin

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Acknowledgment This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), which provided a year-long dissertation grant. Support was also provided through the History Department at the University of Texas through its Sheffield grant for European studies. The author is also grateful for the assistance of archivists at the Leipzig City Archive, the Archive of the Israelitische Religionsgemieinde zu Leipzig, the Archive for Parties and Mass Organizations in the GDR at the Federal archive in Berlin, the “Centrum Judaica” Archive at the Stiftung Neue Synagoge, also in Berlin, and especially at the Saxon State Archive in Leipzig. Indispensable editorial advice came from the members of the dissertation committee, and especially from Professor David Crew, whose advice and friendship have been central to the work from beginning to end. Any errors are solely those of the author. iv
Jews in Leipzig: Nationality and Community in the 20 th Century Publication No. _________ Robert Allen Willingham II, PhD. The University of Texas at Austin, 2005 Supervisor: David Crew The thesis is a study of the Jewish community of Leipzig, Germany over the course of the 20 th century. It begins with an overview of the Jews of the city until the rise to power of Adolf Hitler, emphasizing divisions with the Jewish community over the ideology of Zionism and between German-born and foreign-born Jews. It goes on to describe the lives of Jews as the Nazis come to state authority, the riots of November, 1938, and the gradual exclusion of Jews from professional and pubic life in the city. Jewish responses in education, politics and culture are examined, as are the decisions of many local people to emigrate. After the 1938 riots, exclusion began to shift to extermination, and the Jewish community found itself subject to deportation to camps in Eastern Europe. Most of those deported were murdered. Those who lived were able to do so because of good fortune, canny survival skills, or marriage to non-Jews. Jewish life, which had been an important part of the city, was systematically destroyed. After 1945, those few who survived in the city were joined by another handful of Jewish Leipzigers who survived the camps, and by some non-Leipzig Jews, to reform the Jewish community. A tiny percentage of the old Jewish world of Leipzig was left to v
Page 1 and 2: The Dissertation Committee for Robe
Page 3: To Nancy
Page 7 and 8: Table of Contents: Introduction: Pg
Page 9 and 10: Industry Chamber, not very unlike h
Page 11 and 12: a broader agenda for modernization
Page 13 and 14: study focuses on Jews and their gov
Page 15 and 16: Directors of the Gemeinde, and the
Page 17 and 18: 4. The German Democratic Republic T
Page 19 and 20: these studies that see more autonom
Page 21 and 22: Those who did and returned saw a gr
Page 23 and 24: Chapter 1: “no uniform community
Page 25 and 26: 1871, the year of unification, ther
Page 27 and 28: Felix Goldmann, who was the Reform
Page 29 and 30: after two decades teaching at the
Page 31 and 32: will help a considerable portion of
Page 33 and 34: higher percentage of Jews than of t
Page 35 and 36: community, more or less successful
Page 37 and 38: Jewish Vereine during the Weimar pe
Page 39 and 40: insistence on ideological conformit
Page 41 and 42: There is sufficient evidence to sug
Page 43 and 44: attempt, at least on the part of th
Page 45 and 46: Exclusion from public life Jews wer
Page 47 and 48: The representative of the Schulamt
Page 49 and 50: the ban was already published, and
Page 51 and 52: that the greatest number of the ben
Page 53 and 54: Police President followed up in Jul
Page 55 and 56:
anned from the park, or at least th
Page 57 and 58:
Jews, to exclusion of Jews from the
Page 59 and 60:
epresentative that the community wo
Page 61 and 62:
down synagogues, and he did not get
Page 63 and 64:
to and watch the greetings of Jewis
Page 65 and 66:
uilding, and that complaints would
Page 67 and 68:
For the next several years, until K
Page 69 and 70:
Over the course of early 1937, clas
Page 71 and 72:
government activity in Leipzig. Man
Page 73 and 74:
Similarly, when the staff of the an
Page 75 and 76:
see many of the themes of the Jewis
Page 77 and 78:
This group was more than the cream
Page 79 and 80:
For the rest of 1935, there were fe
Page 81 and 82:
esignation in February, and got it
Page 83 and 84:
February 1936 of the head of the Fo
Page 85 and 86:
earing of pennants in late 1934, 15
Page 87 and 88:
“sacred tradition”. Palestine w
Page 89 and 90:
Goldhaber even spoke of developing
Page 91 and 92:
The State Zionists wrote back, prot
Page 93 and 94:
conflict. It was everything Goldwas
Page 95 and 96:
Goldwasser and the SZ spoke the sam
Page 97 and 98:
German-speakers all over eastern an
Page 99 and 100:
have used. “Volksbewusster” can
Page 101 and 102:
fifteen in the spring of 1936. 201
Page 103 and 104:
this vision of community did not so
Page 105 and 106:
continued on surprisingly unchanged
Page 107 and 108:
government had decided to expel for
Page 109 and 110:
Matters deteriorated in Leipzig in
Page 111 and 112:
and put on trains headed east. And
Page 113 and 114:
neighboring houses. The destruction
Page 115 and 116:
the day’s work. 237 Working from
Page 117 and 118:
organizations. In October of that y
Page 119 and 120:
can be viewed as non-existent. On t
Page 121 and 122:
took part in the persecution of the
Page 123 and 124:
ut during which the untenability of
Page 125 and 126:
to the authorities as the more poli
Page 127 and 128:
The appointment of Grunsfeld to the
Page 129 and 130:
The case of the Muscatblatts points
Page 131 and 132:
same: “If the company of the musi
Page 133 and 134:
of the year. “If a large part of
Page 135 and 136:
ecently been taken into the nearby
Page 137 and 138:
least fourteen employees of the Gem
Page 139 and 140:
Gemeinde had largely perished. Now,
Page 141 and 142:
the camps between January 1942 and
Page 143 and 144:
“Immediately after the liberation
Page 145 and 146:
He traveled, and trained in London
Page 147 and 148:
They were bombed out of their Juden
Page 149 and 150:
ironically seeking refuge from anti
Page 151 and 152:
In June, the Gemeinde sent a set of
Page 153 and 154:
within the Gemeinde—many Jewish h
Page 155 and 156:
The magazine described the lead cha
Page 157 and 158:
over the quality of some lemon oil
Page 159 and 160:
eing, though, this was a subtle pre
Page 161 and 162:
judge, and Melzer was found guilty
Page 163 and 164:
away from him in the process of “
Page 165 and 166:
The case points out several of the
Page 167 and 168:
Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
Page 169 and 170:
the last of twenty “stateless peo
Page 171 and 172:
the court went so far as to blame t
Page 173 and 174:
toward a new fascism from American
Page 175 and 176:
wished to “begin a new mass murde
Page 177 and 178:
center in the service of the USA. T
Page 179 and 180:
is no sense from the proceedings th
Page 181 and 182:
sentenced to death, his brother to
Page 183 and 184:
Jews served multiple rhetorical fun
Page 185 and 186:
“method of these criminals was to
Page 187 and 188:
The Post also reported that the lis
Page 189 and 190:
of the packets might address their
Page 191 and 192:
the comments of the chair on the in
Page 193 and 194:
government for returning and transi
Page 195 and 196:
the Gemeinde—as in the case of th
Page 197 and 198:
admission to practice would make a
Page 199 and 200:
name was usually on correspondence
Page 201 and 202:
A visit to the Gemeinde’s offices
Page 203 and 204:
the case of Hertha Reder, who wrote
Page 205 and 206:
the next day. 453 A leader in the B
Page 207 and 208:
Chapter 6: Construction Will Commen
Page 209 and 210:
estitution demands, or commit any o
Page 211 and 212:
immediately dictated a letter of co
Page 213 and 214:
Marks from the government to build
Page 215 and 216:
status—because of his mishandling
Page 217 and 218:
along with the cantor Werner Sander
Page 219 and 220:
accusations against [leaders of the
Page 221 and 222:
But he did not. In a sign that the
Page 223 and 224:
one another, to define themselves a
Page 225 and 226:
pronouncement of the state of party
Page 227 and 228:
Much of the work of the Gemeinde wa
Page 229 and 230:
difference. 517 The Gemeinde was ju
Page 231 and 232:
to discuss the Globke case, and con
Page 233 and 234:
conference did not attack Israel di
Page 235 and 236:
newspaper, Prace, or Labor, and des
Page 237 and 238:
None of these developments by thems
Page 239 and 240:
Stasi [the East German secret polic
Page 241 and 242:
get to know the Jewish culture. 545
Page 243 and 244:
This German state saw Jews as impor
Page 245 and 246:
surprising degree to their own devi
Page 247 and 248:
people like Richard Frank and Fritz
Page 249 and 250:
Bezirkstag und Rat des Bezirkes Lei
Page 251 and 252:
Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler's Wi
Page 253 and 254:
(Leipzig: 1994). Carol Rittner, Ste
Page 255:
VITA Robert Allen Willingham II was
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