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Sustaining the raceenvironmental sustainability rather than economic,social or cultural sustainability. However, these otherforms of sustainability are inter-related and so shouldnot be understood in isolation.The significance of sustainabilityThe concept of sustainability has become increasinglyimportant. Its relevance and influence is noted byWilkinson and Yencken (2000, p.9), who argue that itis an idea that has “become formally adopted aroundthe world” and is evident in two key spheres of humancivilisation: government and commerce.In terms of government, we see the influence ofsustainability in the form of the creation of institutionswhose purpose is to preserve aspects of ourenvironment such as the Intergovernmental Panel onClimate Change (IPCC, 2007), the United NationsEnvironment Protection Agency – UNEP (UnitedNations Environment Programme, 2007) and inagreements such as ‘United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change’ (UNFCCC, 2007)known widely as the Kyoto Protocol.In terms of commerce, we see its influence in theevolution of markets. For example, we now havecorporations offering investment advice according tomeasures of environmental and social sustainability.These include the Zurich-based Sustainable AssetManagement – SAM and its Australian subsidiary,Sustainable Asset Management Australia – SAMA(Alberici, 2003).In Australia, major banks such as the ANZ Groupare offering sustainable investment products (ANZ,2007), while Westpac (2007) applies sustainabilitymeasures when assessing applications for finance.There is also some evidence that investors generallyare placing increasing emphasis on environmentalsustainability credentials (Burrow, 2007).One issue that reflects the extent to whichsustainability has been adopted as an operatingprinciple for business is that of anthropogenic climatechange. Sectors of the global business community,both before and after Sir Nicholas Stern (2006)warned that there is now a compelling economic casefor carbon-constraint, have accepted the need toreduce the global level of greenhouse gases (GHGs).These include:• The Carbon Trust in the United Kingdom (CarbonTrust UK, 2009)• The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative jointlyoverseen by the World Business Council forSustainable Development (WBCSD) and the WorldResources Institute (WBCSD, 2009)• The growing trade in carbon emissions at theEuropean Climate Exchange (2009) and theChicago Climate Exchange (2009)• The role of the International Carbon Bank &Exchange (2009) in facilitating renewable energyinvestment, manufacturing and ‘carbon safeproducts, standards and fuels’.Sustainability: the current situationWhile the idea of sustainability has clearly gainedgreater recognition around the globe, efforts to achievesustainability for our environment so that it “cansupport life”, as Parkin puts it, have been lesssuccessful. For an up-to-date assessment of globalsustainability efforts, the latest United Nationsenvironmental assessment of the planet’s naturalcapital, Global Environmental Outlook: Environmentfor Development (GEO-4), is helpful. GEO-4 is anassessment of the health of our environment from2004 to 2007 across the four key indicators (land,water, atmosphere and biodiversity). The study wasconducted by “expert groups” that consulted with over100 governments and 50 partner organisations andwas subject to two rounds of “government and peerreview” (United Nations Environment Programme,2007a, p.2).GEO-4 is an authoritative account of globalsustainability efforts. It provides an overview ofenvironmental issues; state and trends of theenvironment between 1987 and 2007; humanRESEARCH PAPER● OCTOBER 2009 ● International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship85
Sustaining the raceRESEARCH PAPERdimensions of environmental change; an outlook forthe future using four possible scenarios up to the year2050, according to: a) Markets First; b) Policy First; c)Security First; and d) Sustainability First.GEO-4 draws the general conclusion that, despitesome progress, across the globe we are a long wayfrom achieving environmental sustainability. On thecontrary, in the words of the GEO-4 authors, “there isevidence of unprecedented environmental change atglobal and regional levels”. These include:• warming of the Earth’s surface, evident fromobservations of increases in global average air andocean temperatures, widespread melting of snowand ice, and rising global average sea level (UnitedNations Environment Programme, 2007b, p.72).While the global average temperature increased by0.74°C in the 20th century, the IPCC estimatefurther warming during the 21st century to bebetween 1.8 to 4.0°C.• More than 2 million people globally dieprematurely every year due to outdoor and indoorair pollution (United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, 2007b, p.72).• The ‘hole’ in the stratospheric ozone layer over theAntarctic – the layer that protects people fromharmful ultraviolet radiation – is now the largest ithas ever been (United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, 2007b, p.73). The ozone layer isexpected to recover, but not until between 2060and 2075 as a result of long lag times.• Unsustainable land use and climate change aredriving land degradation, including soil erosion,nutrient depletion, water scarcity, salinity,desertification, and the disruption of biologicalcycles (United Nations Environment Programme,2007b, p.72).• The per capita availability of freshwater is decliningglobally, and contaminated water remains thegreatest single environmental cause of humansickness and death (United Nations EnvironmentProgramme, 2007b, p.183).• If present trends continue, 1.8 billion people willbe living in countries or regions with absolutewater scarcity by 2025, and two-thirds of thepeople in the world could be subject to waterstress (United Nations Environment Programme,2007b, p.129).• Although the decline in the area of temperate foresthas been reversed, with an annual increase of30,000 km 2 between 1990 and 2005,deforestation in the tropics continued at an annualrate of 130,000 km 2 during the same period.More than 16, 000 species have been identifiedas threatened with extinction (United NationsEnvironment Programme, 2007b, p.114).According to GEO-4, these changes are mostly due tohuman activities in an “increasingly globalised,industrialised and interconnected world, driven byexpanding flows of goods, services, capital, people,technologies, information, ideas and labour”. However,the responsibility for global environmental pressureslies mainly with industrialised countries where “20 percent of world population produced 57 per cent ofgross world product”, and “accounted for 46 per centof greenhouse gas emissions”(United NationsEnvironment Programme, 2007a, p.4). This linkbetween globalisation, industrialisation andenvironmental damage, particularly in advancedeconomies, in turn highlights the role that materialconsumption plays in processes of adverseenvironmental change. This is of direct relevance tomotorsport, because although its contribution toenvironmental problems has not been quantified,motorsport governance, research, design,manufacturing and competition emerge almost entirelyfrom these same industrialised countries.Alarmingly, the report also finds that biophysical andsocial systems are vulnerable to reaching ‘tippingpoints’, beyond which there may be “abrupt,accelerating, or potentially irreversible changes” (p.5).The four GEO-4 scenarios show an increasing risk ofcrossing tipping points, even as some “globalenvironmental degradation trends are slowed or86 International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship ● OCTOBER 2009 ●
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New reports from IMRDriving Busines
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