Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Appendix B: Glossary and acronymsAIDSActive surveillanceAIDS casesurveillanceAnonymousAntiretroviral drugsAntiretroviral therapy(ART)BehaviouralsurveillanceBiasBridging populationsCase reportingConcentrated HIVepidemicConfidentialityConveniencesamplingDemographicinformationDenominatorEpidemicEpidemiologyGeneralized HIVepidemicHigh-risk behavioursHighly activeantiretroviral therapy(HAART)HIVLate stage of HIV infection, including the development of one or more opportunistic illnesses (illnessesthat occur because of low levels of CD4 lymphocytes or immunodeficiency)A system in which health authority personnel take the lead in identifying and reporting cases, as opposedto “passive surveillance”The identifi cation and reporting of persons meeting the definition of an AIDS case to permit public healthauthorities to track the disease over time. Also known as ”AIDS case reporting”Having no known name or identity. For example, removing all personal identifying information from asample that will be tested for HIV, in order to protect the patient’s identityDrugs used to fi ght infections caused by retroviruses such as HIVTreatment with drugs that inhibit the ability of HIV to multiply in the bodySurveys of behaviour that may result in acquiring HIV. This may involve asking a sample of people aboutrisk behaviours such as sexual practices and drug use.A systematic error in the collection or interpretation of dataPersons belonging to high-risk subpopulations who interact with people at lower risk in the generalpopulation, making it more likely for the HIV epidemic to shift from high-risk (“concentrated”) populationsto the general populationA surveillance system in which persons who are identified as meeting the case defi nition are reported topublic health authoritiesThe epidemic state in which HIV has spread to a high level in a defined subpopulation but is not wellestablished in the general population. This epidemic state is characterized by an HIV prevalence that isconsistently >5% in at least one defined subpopulation, but 1% in pregnant women.Behaviours that increase the risk of a person contracting a diseaseThe use of at least three antiretroviral drugs in combination to suppress viral replication and progression ofHIV disease by reducing the viral load to undetectable levelsAcronym for human immunodefi ciency virus36
Humanimmunodeficiencyvirus (HIV)HIV counselling andtesting (HCT)IncidenceInformed consentLaboratory-basedreportingLinked anonymousHIV testingLinked confidentialHIV testingLinkingLow-level HIVepidemicMSMNatural history ofdiseaseOdds ratioPassive surveillanceRandom sampleProxy populationRelative riskRepresentativesampleRepresentativenessSelection biasSensitivitySentinel casereportingSentinel populationsA retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting T-cells of the immune systemA programme that provides both counselling and testing services to communities, allowing persons whoare tested to obtain emotional and medical support before and after their HIV testsA measure of the frequency with which an event, such as a new case of illness, occurs in a populationover a period of time. The denominator is the population at risk; the numerator is the number of new casesoccurring during a given time period.Informed consent is the provision of adequate information to actively decide to consent to a procedure.It protects the person’s freedom of choice and respects their autonomy with regard to decisions affectingtheir body and health.A surveillance system in which the reports of cases come from clinical laboratoriesA person is tested for HIV, and the specimen is labelled with a code without a name or identifiers thatcould reveal the person’s identity. This method is voluntary and requires obtaining informed consent andmaking the test results available (with appropriate counselling) to the person tested.A person agrees to have an HIV test with the assurance that the test result will be kept confidential andonly selected health-care providers may be informed. This method is voluntary and requires obtaininginformed consent and discussing the test results with the person. Linked confidential testing also allowsfor the collection of more detailed demographic and risk-behaviour information.Refers to whether a tested individual’s name or identifying information is associated with their HIV testresultsThe epidemic state in which HIV has not reached significant levels in any subpopulation, although HIVinfection may have existed for many years. This epidemic state is characterized by an HIV prevalence thathas not consistently exceeded 5% in any defined subpopulation. This state suggests that networks of riskare rather diffuse or that the virus has only recently been introduced.Acronym for men who have sex with menAcronym for men who have sex with menA measure of the strength of an association between exposure and disease, calculated by taking the ratioof the odds of disease with the exposure to those odds without exposure. For a rare disease, the odds ratiois a reasonable approximation of the relative risk. Odds ratios are commonly used for case–control studiesand result easily from logistic regression analysis.A system in which a health-care provider or worker notifies the health authority of any cases of diseases,as opposed to “active surveillance”A sample derived by selecting individuals such that each individual has the same probability of selectionA population in which a large proportion of the members have a behaviour that puts individuals atincreased risk for HIV. Proxy populations are used when it is not possible to specifically sample the mostat-riskpopulation.A measure of the association between a disease or condition and a factor under study, calculated bydividing the incidence rate among those exposed to the factor by the incidence rate among those notexposed to the factorA sample whose characteristics correspond to those of the original or reference populationThe extent to which the sample resembles the true populationA systematic error in the process of respondent selection for a study or surveyThe proportion of persons with disease who are correctly identified by a screening test or case definitionas having the diseaseReporting cases of a disease from sentinel sitesPopulations that are subject to sentinel surveillance activities. They may not necessarily be representativeof the general population, but they might be the first to be affected by HIV. Examples include persons withsexually transmitted infection or truck drivers.<strong>Guidelines</strong> on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV37
Page 1 and 2: UNAIDS/WHO Working Groupon Global H
Page 3 and 4: UNAIDS/WHO Working Groupon Global H
Page 5 and 6: ContentsAcknowledgements1 Introduct
Page 7 and 8: 1. IntroductionThe overall goal of
Page 9 and 10: Generalized The epidemic has mature
Page 12 and 13: Table 2.1. Potential stakeholders t
Page 14 and 15: Decide on a clear and specific defi
Page 16 and 17: In indirect sharing, one syringe is
Page 19 and 20: Sampling of subgroups of interest m
Page 21 and 22: 2.3.3 Cluster or targeted samplingD
Page 23 and 24: Figure 2.2. Respondent-driven sampl
Page 25 and 26: Time-location sampling in Harare, Z
Page 27 and 28: Surveillance among men who have sex
Page 29 and 30: 3. Conduct surveillance of populati
Page 31 and 32: When constructing a questionnaire,
Page 33 and 34: 3.2.5 Maintain confidentiality and
Page 35 and 36: HIV incidence (recent infection) is
Page 37 and 38: 4.1.4 Use the results to improve pr
Page 39: Appendix A: List of additionalsurve
Page 43 and 44: Appendix C: LinksUNAIDS/WHO Working
Page 45 and 46: 18 Topp L et al. Representativeness
Page 47 and 48: 59 Brookmeyer R, Stroup DF (eds). M
Page 49: For more information, contact:World

Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?