Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV

ContentsAcknowledgements1 Introduction 31.1. Purpose 31.2. Background 41.3. Classification of HIV epidemics 41.4. Ethical issues with populations most at risk for HIV 5Protect participants’ privacy and rights 5Provide benefits to the community 5Handle incentives for participation ethically 5Protect young people 5Provide protection to participants with illegal behaviours 61.5. Process 6ii<strong>Guidelines</strong> on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV2 Plan surveillance of populations most at risk for HIV 72.1. Step 1: Prepare to set up the surveillance system 72.1.1 Collaborate with stakeholders 72.1.2 Conduct a pre-surveillance assessment 82.1.3 Identify populations at increased HIV risk from high-risk behaviour 92.1.4 Estimate the size of populations at increased risk for HIV 102.1.5 Decide on the geographical areas 102.1.6 Consider special issues related to each population of interest 102.1.7 Integrate with existing surveillance and monitoring plans 132.2 Step 2: Decide on the surveillance design 132.2.1 HIV case reporting 132.2.2 Programme data used for surveillance 142.2.3 Sentinel surveillance 142.3. Step 3: Decide on a surveillance sampling strategy 152.3.1 Simple random sampling 152.3.2 Stratified sampling 162.3.3 Cluster or targeted sampling 172.3.4 Snowball sampling 172.3.5 Respondent-driven sampling 182.3.6 Convenience sampling 202.3.7 Time–location sampling 202.3.8 Sample size 212.3.9 Sampling strategies for populations most at risk for HIV 223 Conduct surveillance of populations most at risk for HIV 253.1 Step 4: Address operational issues 253.1.1 Plan staffing and training 253.1.2 Develop data collection instruments 263.1.3 Plan handling of specimens and HIV testing 273.2. Step 5: Data management 273.2.1 Plan the data management system 273.2.2 Use data management best practices 283.2.3 Create a dataset for analysis 283.2.4 Document the steps used to create the database 283.2.5 Maintain confidentiality and security 291