Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV
Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV
Guidelines on surveillance among populations most at risk for HIV
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1. Introducti<strong>on</strong>The overall goal of this document is to provide guidance <strong>on</strong> how to develop and maintain <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong>am<strong>on</strong>g popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>. Ultim<strong>at</strong>ely, these <strong>surveillance</strong> activities should improve the overallunderstanding of <strong>HIV</strong> in countries and improve the resp<strong>on</strong>se to <strong>HIV</strong>.This guide complements the sec<strong>on</strong>d gener<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> guidelines <strong>on</strong> how to c<strong>on</strong>duct <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong>activities in low- and middle-income countries. Those guidelines recommend th<strong>at</strong> all countries c<strong>on</strong>duct <strong>HIV</strong><strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s with behaviours th<strong>at</strong> increase their <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>, or popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong><strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong> infecti<strong>on</strong>.<str<strong>on</strong>g>Guidelines</str<strong>on</strong>g> <strong>on</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>1.1. PurposeThis document provides guidance <strong>on</strong> methods <strong>for</strong> c<strong>on</strong>ducting <strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong><strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>.Public health <strong>surveillance</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong> is the system<strong>at</strong>ic, <strong>on</strong>going collecti<strong>on</strong> of d<strong>at</strong>a <strong>on</strong> the occurrence, distributi<strong>on</strong>and trends in <strong>HIV</strong> infecti<strong>on</strong>. In general, the objectives of <strong>surveillance</strong> include: to estim<strong>at</strong>e the magnitude of a health problem in a popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> to understand the n<strong>at</strong>ural history of a disease to evalu<strong>at</strong>e preventi<strong>on</strong> and c<strong>on</strong>trol activities to m<strong>on</strong>itor changes in trends in the epidemic to detect changes in health practices or <strong>risk</strong> factors to identify research needs and facilit<strong>at</strong>e research to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the planning process (1).Additi<strong>on</strong>al reas<strong>on</strong>s to c<strong>on</strong>duct <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong> are: to guide <strong>HIV</strong> preventi<strong>on</strong> programming <strong>at</strong> the local level to in<strong>for</strong>m priority-setting and resource alloc<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong> <strong>at</strong> the n<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>al level to c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the scientific understanding of <strong>HIV</strong> transmissi<strong>on</strong> in popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong>infecti<strong>on</strong> as a result of high-<strong>risk</strong> behaviour to in<strong>for</strong>m disease burden and tre<strong>at</strong>ment needs am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>most</strong>-<strong>at</strong>-<strong>risk</strong> popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s.When m<strong>on</strong>itoring the <strong>HIV</strong> epidemic, it is important to identify popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s th<strong>at</strong> are <strong>most</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> <strong>for</strong> infecti<strong>on</strong>.The sexual and drug-use behaviours of popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s c<strong>on</strong>tribute to the overall burden of <strong>HIV</strong> in the country.People with these behaviours are often the first to become infected and are <strong>at</strong> <strong>risk</strong> of being infected <strong>at</strong> ahigher r<strong>at</strong>e than those in the general popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>.The primary target audience of this guide includes <strong>surveillance</strong> specialists. In additi<strong>on</strong>, this guide will beuseful <strong>for</strong> programme managers <strong>at</strong> n<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>al and subn<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>al levels to better understand the strengthsand weaknesses of the d<strong>at</strong>a they are using to make decisi<strong>on</strong>s. Finally, this guide will also be useful <strong>for</strong>d<strong>on</strong>or agencies th<strong>at</strong> support <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> activities and measure the success of their activities through<strong>surveillance</strong> d<strong>at</strong>a.Most countries and their development partners already have some <strong>for</strong>m of <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g <strong>most</strong><strong>at</strong>-<strong>risk</strong>popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s. This guide is intended to help refine and standardize their <strong>HIV</strong> str<strong>at</strong>egies and activities<strong>for</strong> <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> am<strong>on</strong>g these popul<strong>at</strong>i<strong>on</strong>s. It presents different approaches al<strong>on</strong>g with their advantagesand disadvantages. It is hoped th<strong>at</strong> this guide will empower managers and decisi<strong>on</strong>-makers to c<strong>on</strong>sideradditi<strong>on</strong>al opti<strong>on</strong>s <strong>for</strong> strengthening their <strong>HIV</strong> <strong>surveillance</strong> systems so th<strong>at</strong> they are able to compare trendsover time.3