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Control and SexualityThe Revival of Zina Laws in Muslim ContextsZiba Mir-Hosseini and Vanja HamzićFirst editionCopyright © Women Living Under Muslim Laws 2010All rights reserved.Part of this book may be quoted or used as long as the authors and publisher are acknowledged. Nopart of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted for commercial purposes without priorwritten permission from the copyright owner.Published by:Women Living Under Muslim LawsPO Box 28445London N19 5NZUKwluml@wluml.orgwww.wluml.orgPrinted by:The Russell Press, Nottingham UKDesign:Kika Sroka-MillerCover art:Vanja HamzićPage layout/typesetting:Nandita DuttaWLUML Publications OfficerISBN: 978-1-907024-08-5Publications of the international solidarity network, Women Living Under Muslim Laws, aim to provideinformation about the lives, struggles and strategies of women living in diverse Muslim communitiesand countries. WLUML publications are meant to make accessible to a wide readership the broadestpossible strands of opinion within varied movements or initiatives promoting greater autonomy ofwomen living in Muslim contexts. The publications seek to inform and help share different experiences,strategies and interpretations.The information contained in WLUML publications does not necessarily represent the views andpositions of the publishers or of the network Women Living Under Muslim Laws, unless stated.
ContentsvviiAcknowledgementsGlossary1 Foreword3 Preface5 Introduction19 Criminalising Sexuality:Zina Laws as Violence Against Women in Muslim Contexts49 Indonesia81 Iran117 Nigeria153 Pakistan181 Turkey215 Conclusion227 About the Authors229 Indexiii
Page 3: Ziba Mir-Hosseini and Vanja Hamzić
Page 9 and 10: GlossaryAcross Muslim countries and
Page 11 and 12: GlossaryDarul Islam: ‘Abode of Is
Page 13 and 14: GlossaryIjab & Qabul: Lit. ‘offer
Page 15 and 16: Lawat/Liwat: Penetrative sex betwee
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Page 27: Introduction
Page 30: Control and Sexuality: The Revival
Page 35: Introductionbe sought both in ‘tr
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Page 43 and 44: Criminalising Sexuality: Zina Laws
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Control and Sexuality: The Revival
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IndonesiaCountry ProfileThe Republi
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Indonesiaon employing religion in t
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Indonesiamovement, however, unified
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IndonesiaAct also strengthened the
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IndonesiaCases of Human Rights Viol
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Indonesia2008 Law on PornographySin
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Indonesiathat “community [moral]
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Indonesiajustified as a pre-emptive
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Indonesiato leave their village and
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Indonesia(1) the right to an object
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Indonesiahas been difficult; Indone
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Indonesiaparticularly those of the
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IndonesiaIndonesian civil society,
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IndonesiaGeertz, Clifford (1971) [1
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IndonesiaVan Klinken, Gerry (2007),
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IranCountry Profile 1Iran is one of
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Iranpresident Khatami in 1997. Desp
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Iranwere retained only in the new C
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IranThe success of the Revolution w
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Iranelected bodies, which came to b
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IranMore importantly, it enables th
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IranThe clerics who took power afte
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Iranwoman who are forbidden (haram)
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IranThe notion of “his own knowle
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Iranconvicted women have already at
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Iranwhich, despite severe repressio
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Iranamended so as to curtail men’
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Irangovernment. Despite the silenci
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Iran- and in a few cases has obtain
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IranMovement, under the joint - but
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IranBibliographyAfary, Janet (2009)
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Iran(2009), ‘Iran’, in Sanja Ke
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NigeriaCountry ProfileThe Federal R
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Nigeriaand international advocacy,
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Nigerianorthern provinces, allows f
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Nigeria‘Settlement’ and Dynamic
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Nigeria“any other question” wit
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Nigeriaset up by Muslims in the abs
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Nigeriaappellate court of “any [s
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Nigeriathat the ruling elite of 11
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Nigeriaby-laws remain in force, zin
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Nigeriaon first instance, and then
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NigeriaUnder the 1999 Constitution
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Nigeriaorganisation fighting for wo
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NigeriaAs a result of these litigat
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NigeriaDominant colonialist discour
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NigeriaBibliographyAbdullah, Hussai
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NigeriaJohnson-Odim, Cheryl and Nin
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NigeriaTerman, Rochelle and Mufulia
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PakistanCountry ProfileThe Islamic
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Pakistanvote in the Bakhsh case - o
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Pakistanpolicies, which effectively
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PakistanIn the closing years of Bri
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Pakistanpredominantly Hanafi classi
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Pakistanbetween an ideological Musl
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PakistanThe 1979 Hudood Ordinances
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Pakistanthe absence of medical evid
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Pakistanacts, ranging from the subj
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Pakistanparliamentary democratic sy
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PakistanSeptember 1981, while worki
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PakistanConclusionThe present chapt
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PakistanSaigol, Rubina (2010), ‘D
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TurkeyCountry ProfileThe Republic o
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TurkeyIn theory, under this system,
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Turkeyauthority in religious knowle
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Turkeywhat ‘women are like’ and
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Turkeynow turns to investigate how
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TurkeyRescript’ - a programme of
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Turkeyplease with ‘their’ women
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Turkeycountry’s approximately 80,
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Turkeyto and the grounds for divorc
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Turkeythe technological advances wh
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TurkeyIn September 2004, the Nation
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Existing Activism for ChangeTurkeyT
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Turkeyfrom the previous ones, as th
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TurkeyThe history of Turkey, includ
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TurkeyHirsch, Ernst (1968), ‘Vier
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TurkeyToprak, Metin and Nasuh Uslu
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Conclusion
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IndexAAbbasgholizadeh, Mahboubeh 97
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Indexequality 3, 25, 36, 37, 51, 83
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IndexMinistry of Justice (Iran) 87,
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IndexWomen in Nigeria (WIN) 142Wome
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