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642 APPENDIX E. PROJECTIONE.10 Alternating projectionAlternating projection is an iterative technique for finding a point in theintersection of a number of arbitrary closed convex sets C k , or for findingthe distance between two nonintersecting closed convex sets. Because it cansometimes be difficult or inefficient to compute the intersection or expressit analytically, one naturally asks whether it is possible to instead project(unique minimum-distance) alternately on the individual C k , often easier.Once a cycle of alternating projections (an iteration) is complete, we theniterate (repeat the cycle) until convergence. If the intersection of two closedconvex sets is empty, then by convergence we mean the iterate (the resultafter a cycle of alternating projections) settles to a point of minimum distanceseparating the sets.While alternating projection can find the point in the nonemptyintersection closest to a given point b , it does not necessarily find it.Dependably finding that point is solved by an elegantly simple enhancementto the alternating projection technique: this Dykstra algorithm (1880)for projection on the intersection is one of the most beautiful projectionalgorithms ever discovered. It is accurately interpreted as the discoveryof what alternating projection originally sought to accomplish: uniqueminimum-distance projection on the nonempty intersection of a number ofarbitrary closed convex sets C k . Alternating projection is, in fact, a specialcase of the Dykstra algorithm whose discussion we defer untilE.10.3.E.10.0.1commutative projectorsGiven two arbitrary convex sets C 1 and C 2 and their respectiveminimum-distance projection operators P 1 and P 2 , if projectors commutefor each and every x∈ R n then it is easy to show P 1 P 2 x∈ C 1 ∩ C 2 andP 2 P 1 x∈ C 1 ∩ C 2 . When projectors commute (P 1 P 2 =P 2 P 1 ), a point in theintersection can be found in a finite number of steps; while commutativity isa sufficient condition, it is not necessary (6.8.1.1.1 for example).When C 1 and C 2 are subspaces, in particular, projectors P 1 and P 2commute if and only if P 1 P 2 = P C1 ∩ C 2or iff P 2 P 1 = P C1 ∩ C 2or iff P 1 P 2 isthe orthogonal projection on a Euclidean subspace. [73, lem.9.2] Subspaceprojectors will commute, for example, when P 1 (C 2 )⊂ C 2 or P 2 (C 1 )⊂ C 1 orC 1 ⊂ C 2 or C 2 ⊂ C 1 or C 1 ⊥ C 2 . When subspace projectors commute, thismeans we can find a point in the intersection of those subspaces in a finite
E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 643bC 2∂K ⊥ C 1 ∩ C 2(Pb) + PbC 1Figure 127: First several alternating projections (1853) invon Neumann-style projection of point b converging on closest pointPb in intersection of two closed convex sets in R 2 ; C 1 and C 2 are partiallydrawn in vicinity of their intersection. The pointed normal cone K ⊥ (1882)is translated to Pb , the unique minimum-distance projection of b onintersection. For this particular example, it is possible to start anywherein a large neighborhood of b and still converge to Pb . The alternatingprojections are themselves robust with respect to some significant amountof noise because they belong to translated normal cone.number of steps; we find, in fact, the closest point.E.10.0.1.1 Theorem. Kronecker projector. [247,2.7]Given any projection matrices P 1 and P 2 (subspace projectors), thenP 1 ⊗ P 2 and P 1 ⊗ I (1843)are projection matrices. The product preserves symmetry if present. ⋄E.10.0.2noncommutative projectorsTypically, one considers the method of alternating projection when projectorsdo not commute; id est, when P 1 P 2 ≠P 2 P 1 .The iconic example for noncommutative projectors illustrated inFigure 127 shows the iterates converging to the closest point in theintersection of two arbitrary convex sets. Yet simple examples likeFigure 128 reveal that noncommutative alternating projection does not
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DATTORROCONVEXOPTIMIZATION&EUCLIDEA
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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for Jennie Columba♦Antonio♦♦&
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PreludeThe constant demands of my d
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Convex Optimization&Euclidean Dista
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CONVEX OPTIMIZATION & EUCLIDEAN DIS
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List of Figures1 Overview 191 Orion
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LIST OF FIGURES 1559 Epigraph . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES 17120 Four fundamen
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Chapter 1OverviewConvex Optimizatio
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ˇx 4ˇx 3ˇx 2Figure 2: Applicatio
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23Figure 4: This coarsely discretiz
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ases (biorthogonal expansion). We e
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27Figure 7: These bees construct a
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its membership to the EDM cone. The
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31appendicesProvided so as to be mo
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Chapter 2Convex geometryConvexity h
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2.1. CONVEX SET 35Figure 11: A slab
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2.1. CONVEX SET 372.1.6 empty set v
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2.1. CONVEX SET 392.1.7.1 Line inte
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2.1. CONVEX SET 41(a)R 2(b)R 3(c)(d
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2.1. CONVEX SET 43This theorem in c
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2.2. VECTORIZED-MATRIX INNER PRODUC
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2.3. HULLS 53Figure 14: Convex hull
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2.3. HULLS 55Aaffine hull (drawn tr
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2.3. HULLS 57The union of relative
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 59of dim
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 61H +ay
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 63Inters
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 65Conver
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 67A 1A 2
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 69tradit
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2.4. HALFSPACE, HYPERPLANE 71There
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 73nor
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2.5. SUBSPACE REPRESENTATIONS 752.5
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 77In other wo
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2.6. EXTREME, EXPOSED 792.6.1 Expos
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2.7. CONES 812.6.1.3.1 Definition.
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2.7. CONES 830Figure 26: Boundary o
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2.7. CONES 852.7.2 Convex coneWe ca
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2.7. CONES 87Thus the simplest and
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2.7. CONES 89nomenclature generaliz
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 91Proper cone {0
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 93the same extre
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2.8. CONE BOUNDARY 95For a proper c
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2.9. POSITIVE SEMIDEFINITE (PSD) CO
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2.10. CONIC INDEPENDENCE (C.I.) 121
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 127It follow
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 129Coefficie
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 1312.12.3 Un
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2.12. CONVEX POLYHEDRA 133
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2.13. DUAL CONE & GENERALIZED INEQU
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Chapter 3Geometry of convex functio
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 185f 1 (x)f 2
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1873.1.3 norm
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 189n∑π(x) i
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 191This means
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1933.1.5.3 pos
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1953.1.6.0.1 E
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 1973.1.7 epigr
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 201Although th
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 203minimize tX
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 2053.1.8 gradi
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 209f(Y )[ ∇f
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 211g is convex
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 213αβα ≥
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3.1. CONVEX FUNCTION 2153.1.11 seco
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3.2. MATRIX-VALUED CONVEX FUNCTION
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3.2. MATRIX-VALUED CONVEX FUNCTION
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3.3. QUASICONVEX 221matrices in the
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3.3. QUASICONVEX 223on R M + . Alth
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Chapter 4Semidefinite programmingPr
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 227where K is a
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 229C0PΓ 1Γ 2S+
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 231faces of S 3
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4.1. CONIC PROBLEM 2334.1.1.3 Previ
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 235Equivalently, pri
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 237is positive semid
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 239Optimal value of
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 2414.2.3.1.1 Example
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 243where δ is the m
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4.2. FRAMEWORK 2454.2.3.1.2 Example
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2474.3 Rank red
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 249A rank-reduc
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 251(t ⋆ i)
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2534.3.3.0.1 Ex
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4.3. RANK REDUCTION 2554.3.3.0.2 Ex
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4.4. RANK-CONSTRAINED SEMIDEFINITE
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 2734.
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 275Th
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 277wh
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 279f
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4.5. CONSTRAINING CARDINALITY 281al
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4.6. CARDINALITY AND RANK CONSTRAIN
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4.7. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 301whi
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4.7. CONVEX ITERATION RANK-1 303the
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Chapter 5Euclidean Distance MatrixT
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5.2. FIRST METRIC PROPERTIES 307cor
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.3. ∃ FIFTH EUCLIDEAN METRIC PRO
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 313The collecti
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3155.4.2 Gram-f
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 317D ∈ EDM N
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3195.4.2.2.1 Ex
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 321ten affine e
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 323spheres:Then
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 325By eliminati
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 327whereΦ ij =
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 3295.4.2.2.5 De
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 331105ˇx 4ˇx
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 333corrected by
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 335by translate
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 337Crippen & Ha
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 339where ([√t
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5.4. EDM DEFINITION 341because (A.3
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5.5. INVARIANCE 3435.5.1.0.1 Exampl
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5.6. INJECTIVITY OF D & UNIQUE RECO
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3515.
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 353Fo
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5.7. EMBEDDING IN AFFINE HULL 3555.
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5.8. EUCLIDEAN METRIC VERSUS MATRIX
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5.9. BRIDGE: CONVEX POLYHEDRA TO ED
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5.10. EDM-ENTRY COMPOSITION 373(ii)
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 3755.11.1
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 377(confer
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 379we have
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5.11. EDM INDEFINITENESS 381For pre
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 383where
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5.12. LIST RECONSTRUCTION 385(a)(c)
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 387D
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 389Th
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5.13. RECONSTRUCTION EXAMPLES 391wh
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5.14. FIFTH PROPERTY OF EUCLIDEAN M
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Chapter 6Cone of distance matricesF
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6.1. DEFINING EDM CONE 4056.1 Defin
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6.2. POLYHEDRAL BOUNDS 407This cone
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6.3.√EDM CONE IS NOT CONVEX 409N
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 4116.
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 413(a
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6.4. A GEOMETRY OF COMPLETION 415Fi
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 417and
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 419then
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 4216.5.
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6.5. EDM DEFINITION IN 11 T 423D =
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6.6. CORRESPONDENCE TO PSD CONE S N
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.7. VECTORIZATION & PROJECTION INT
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 435When the Fins
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 437Proof. First,
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 439EDM 2 = S 2 h
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 441whose veracit
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4436.8.1.3.1 Exe
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 445has dual affi
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6.8. DUAL EDM CONE 4476.8.1.7 Schoe
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6.9. THEOREM OF THE ALTERNATIVE 449
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6.10. POSTSCRIPT 451When D is an ED
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Chapter 7Proximity problemsIn summa
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In contrast, order of projection on
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457HS N h0EDM NK = S N h ∩ R N×N
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4597.0.3 Problem approachProblems t
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 461fi
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4637.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 465di
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4677.
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 469wh
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7.1. FIRST PREVALENT PROBLEM: 471Th
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 473O
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 475S
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 477r
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 479c
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7.2. SECOND PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4817
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 483fo
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 485a
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4877.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 4897.
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7.3. THIRD PREVALENT PROBLEM: 491Ou
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7.4. CONCLUSION 493The rank constra
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Appendix ALinear algebraA.1 Main-di
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A.1. MAIN-DIAGONAL δ OPERATOR, λ
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.2. SEMIDEFINITENESS: DOMAIN OF TE
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 503A.3.0.0.1
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 505By simila
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 507Because R
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For A,B ∈ R n×n x T Ax ≥ x T B
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 511A.3.1.0.2
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A.3. PROPER STATEMENTS 513We can de
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 515Origin of
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A.4. SCHUR COMPLEMENT 517Schur-form
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A.5. EIGEN DECOMPOSITION 519A.5.0.1
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A.6. SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION,
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A.7. ZEROS 527For diagonalizable ma
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A.7. ZEROS 529A.7.4For X,A∈ S M +
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A.7. ZEROS 531A.7.5.0.1 Proposition
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Appendix BSimple matricesMathematic
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 535R(v)
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B.1. RANK-ONE MATRIX (DYAD) 537rang
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B.2. DOUBLET 539R([u v ])R(Π)= R([
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B.3. ELEMENTARY MATRIX 541If λ ≠
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 543the n
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B.4. AUXILIARY V -MATRICES 54518. V
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 547B.5 Ortho
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B.5. ORTHOGONAL MATRIX 549B.5.3.0.1
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Appendix CSome analytical optimal r
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C.2. DIAGONAL, TRACE, SINGULAR AND
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C.3. ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTES PROBLEM
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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C.4. TWO-SIDED ORTHOGONAL PROCRUSTE
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Appendix DMatrix calculusFrom too m
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D.1. DIRECTIONAL DERIVATIVE, TAYLOR
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D.2. TABLES OF GRADIENTS AND DERIVA
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D.2. TABLES OF GRADIENTS AND DERIVA
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Page 595 and 596: Appendix EProjectionFor any A∈ R
Page 597 and 598: 597Equivalent to the corresponding
Page 599 and 600: E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 599where R
Page 601 and 602: E.1. IDEMPOTENT MATRICES 601TxT ⊥
Page 603 and 604: E.2. I − P , PROJECTION ON ALGEBR
Page 605 and 606: E.3. SYMMETRIC IDEMPOTENT MATRICES
Page 611 and 612: E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 611E.5.0.0
Page 613 and 614: E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 613of rela
Page 615 and 616: E.5. PROJECTION EXAMPLES 615E.5.0.0
Page 617 and 618: E.6. VECTORIZATION INTERPRETATION,
Page 625 and 626: E.7. ON VECTORIZED MATRICES OF HIGH
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Page 629 and 630: E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 629E.
Page 631 and 632: E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 631
Page 633 and 634: E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 633Pr
Page 635 and 636: E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 635E.
Page 637 and 638: E.9. PROJECTION ON CONVEX SET 637wh
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Page 645 and 646: E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 6450
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Page 649 and 650: E.10. ALTERNATING PROJECTION 649y 2
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Page 661 and 662: Appendix FMatlab programsMade by Th
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Page 665 and 666: F.1. ISEDM() 665F.1.1Subroutines fo
Page 667 and 668: F.2. CONIC INDEPENDENCE, CONICI() 6
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Page 671 and 672: F.3. MAP OF THE USA 671% plot origi
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Page 679 and 680: F.5. STURM’S PROCEDURE 679F.5 Stu
Page 681 and 682: F.6. CONVEX ITERATION DEMONSTRATION
Page 683 and 684: F.6. CONVEX ITERATION DEMONSTRATION
Page 685 and 686: F.7. FAST MAX CUT 685endoldtrace =
Page 687 and 688: F.8. SIGNAL DROPOUT PROBLEM 687whil
Page 689 and 690: Appendix GNotation and a few defini
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693t → 0 +t goes to 0 from above;
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695ψ(Z)DDD T (X)D(X) TD −1 (X)D(
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697R n −or R n×n−S nS n⊥S n
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699∂H −∂H +da supporting hype
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701maximizexargsup Xarg supf(x)subj
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703⊁≥not positive definitescala
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Bibliography[1] Suliman Al-Homidan
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 707[16] Keith Ball. An
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 709[38] A. W. Bojanczy
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 711[57] Steven Chu. Au
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 713[76] Frank R. Deuts
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 715(AACC), June 2004.h
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 717[114] John Clifford
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 719[135] Uwe Helmke an
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 721[157] Joakim Jaldé
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 723[178] Jung Rye Lee.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 725[200] T. S. Motzkin
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 727[220] Teemu Pennane
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 729[240] Joshua A. Sin
Page 731 and 732:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 731[264] Warren S. Tor
Page 733 and 734:
BIBLIOGRAPHY 733[285] Bernard Widro
Page 735 and 736:
Index0-norm, 241, 273, 275, 2941-no
Page 737 and 738:
INDEX 737clipping, 190, 454, 638, 6
Page 739 and 740:
INDEX 739hull, 53, 56, 306of outer
Page 741 and 742:
INDEX 741unique, 519elbow, 457, 458
Page 743 and 744:
INDEX 743polarity, 62handoff, 335ov
Page 745 and 746:
INDEX 745manifold, 23, 24, 105, 410
Page 747 and 748:
INDEX 747objectivebilinear, 256, 27
Page 749 and 750:
INDEX 749Hadamard, 46, 472, 571, 69
Page 751 and 752:
INDEX 751trace, 477, 478heuristic,
Page 753 and 754:
INDEX 753symmetric hollow, 51tangen
Page 755 and 756:
INDEX 755matrix, 65slack, 227vec, 4
Page 757 and 758:
757
Page 760:
Convex Optimization & Euclidean Dis
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v2007.11.26 - Convex Optimization

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