Electoral gender quotas systems and their implementation in Europe

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Matland, Richard E., ‘Enhancing Women’s Political Participation: Legislative Recruitment andElectoral Systems’, in Azza Karam (ed.), Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers (Stockholm:International IDEA, 1998), pp. 65–90Matland, Richard E., ‘Electoral Quotas: Frequency and Effectiveness’, in Drude Dahlerup (ed.),Women, Quotas and Politics (New York and London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 275–92Matland, Richard E. and Studlar, Donley T., ‘The Contagion of Women Candidates in SingleMember and Multi-Member Districts’, Journal of Politics, 58/3 (1996), pp. 707–33Norris, Pippa, Electoral Engineering: Voting Rules and Political Behavior (Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 2004)Norris, Pippa, ‘The Impact of Electoral Reform on Women’s Representation’, Special Issue, ActaPolitica, 41 (2006), pp. 197–213Norris, Pippa and Lovenduski, Joni, Political Recruitment: Gender, Race and Class in the British Parliament(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995)Phillips, Anne, The Politics of Presence (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995)Sawer, Marian, ‘Introduction’, in Marian Sawer, Manon Tremblay and Linda Trimble (eds),Representing Women in Parliament: A Comparative Study (New York and London: Routledge, 2006)Sineau, Mariette, Genderware: The Council of Europe and the Participation of Women in Political Life(Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2003)Squires, Judith, The New Politics of Gender Equality (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)Wängnerud, Lena, ‘Testing the Politics of Presence: Women’s Representation in the SwedishRiksdag’, Scandinavian Political Studies, 23/1 (2000), pp. 67–91DatabasesThe European Commission’s database on women and men in decision-making:40
Section BCase studies41
Page 3 and 4: Directorate-General Internal Polici
Page 5 and 6: Electoral Gender Quota Systems andT
Page 8 and 9: AppendicesThe methodology of the qu
Page 10 and 11: Table 41. Women’s representation
Page 12 and 13: 1. Mapping of electoral gender quot
Page 14 and 15: Committee of Ministers’ Recommend
Page 16 and 17: have occurred after election day -
Page 18 and 19: parties and take the form of intern
Page 20 and 21: Knowledge of different electoral qu
Page 22 and 23: support for female candidates has s
Page 24 and 25: of more women in politics. Many opp
Page 26 and 27: Figure 3. The incremental track mod
Page 28 and 29: is probably that gender quotas rema
Page 30 and 31: to gender quotas. Likewise, the dat
Page 32 and 33: ‘Special organisation for women w
Page 34 and 35: individual parties that adopt them,
Page 36 and 37: political party in the Swedish Parl
Page 38 and 39: then the requirement of 50 per cent
Page 40 and 41: proportion of women elected in the
Page 42 and 43: and organisation of women are cruci
Page 46 and 47: Case studyBelgium: a best practice
Page 48 and 49: While the 1994 act applied to all e
Page 50 and 51: need to include at least one woman,
Page 52 and 53: introduced, individual parties adop
Page 54 and 55: Marissal, Claudie and Hansen, Ingri
Page 56 and 57: In order to correct the discriminat
Page 58 and 59: The legal vacuum pertaining to the
Page 60 and 61: y women in terms of number of seats
Page 62 and 63: 5. ‘Virtuous dynamic’: the symb
Page 64 and 65: Case studyGermany: successful quota
Page 66 and 67: party positions (Gruppenwahlen zu P
Page 68 and 69: districts, quota rules are often no
Page 70 and 71: Table 14. Success rates of female a
Page 72 and 73: Figure 5. Development of the percen
Page 74 and 75: so far no formal rules have been ad
Page 76 and 77: Case studyPoland: one step forward,
Page 78 and 79: 16 in Poland)Rady powiatów(second
Page 80 and 81: 3. Evaluation3.1. Candidate lists i
Page 82 and 83: List, in Ozorków Women of Tomorrow
Page 84 and 85: 3.4. Representation of women in oth
Page 86 and 87: Case studySlovenia: from voluntary
Page 88 and 89: council. The positions of candidate
Page 90 and 91: 3.2.2. The introduction of legislat
Page 92 and 93: Table 25 shows that only one of the
Page 94 and 95:
Source: Author’s own calculation
Page 96 and 97:
Zakon o volitvah v Evropski parlame
Page 98 and 99:
Advocates for quotas for women lobb
Page 100 and 101:
Table 31. The percentage and number
Page 102 and 103:
Table 33. Municipality elections in
Page 104 and 105:
Case studySweden: small steps, big
Page 106 and 107:
40 per cent of either sex on the pa
Page 108 and 109:
voluntary party quotas than in part
Page 110 and 111:
The zipper system (50 per cent) int
Page 112 and 113:
While quotas for minority groups ha
Page 114 and 115:
Case studyThe United Kingdom: polit
Page 116 and 117:
In contrast to Labour, the Scottish
Page 118 and 119:
The twinning and zipping policies a
Page 120 and 121:
differences across the political pa
Page 122 and 123:
Appendix IThe methodology of the qu
Page 124 and 125:
Brigitte Geissel is a political sci
Page 126:
ZLSDZZPUnited List of Social Democr
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