Bryological Monograph An annotated checklist of the mosses of ...

MOSSES OF EUROPE AND MACARONESIA 201Table 3.Non-native mosses in Europe.SpeciesAchrophyllum dentatumAtrichum crispumBryum apiculatumBryum valparaisenseCalomnion complanatumCalyptrochaeta apiculataCampylopus introflexusHennediella macrophyllaHennediella stanfordensisHypopterygium tamarisciLeptophascum leptophyllumLeptotheca gaudichaudiiMyuroclada maximowicziiOrthodontium lineareSematophyllum adnatumSplachnobryum obtusumSyntrichia bogotensisTortula amplexaTortula bogosicaTortula bolanderiThuidiopsis sparsaLocationGarden, EnglandBritain and Ireland, widespread (male only)TenerifeCanary Islands, PortugalGarden, IrelandBritain, rareC. and W. Europe, widespreadBritain, widespread and spreadingBritain and Ireland, widespread and spreadingPortugalWidespread in S. and W. Europe, apparently spreadingGarden, IrelandGarden, southern RussiaC. and W. Europe, widespreadLombardy and Piedmont, several localitiesHot springs, Hungary and Azores; elsewhere in greenhousesMadeiraBritain, confined to one small areaAzores and CanariesS. Europe (rare), MacaronesiaMadeira, in a former park areacombinations are given in the second edition of his flora(Smith, 2004).Heterocladium flaccidum (Schimp.) A.J.E.Sm., stat. etcomb. nov. Basionym: Heterocladium heteropterum var.flaccidum Schimp. in Bruch, Schimp. & W.Gümbel,Bryologia Europaea 5: 154 (fasc. 49–51). 1852.Hypnum cupressiforme var. heseleri (Ando & Higuchi)M.O.Hill, stat. et comb. nov. Basionym: Hypnum heseleriAndo & Higuchi, Journal of the Hattori BotanicalLaboratory 75: 98. f. 1–2. 1994.Pelekium atlanticum (Hedenäs) Hedenäs, comb. nov.Basionym: Thuidium atlanticum Hedenäs, Journal ofBryology 16: 387. f. 1–2. 1991.Pohlia flexuosa var. pseudomuyldermansii (Arts,Nordhorn-Richter & A.J.E.Sm.) A.J.E.Sm., comb. nov.Basionym: Pohlia muyldermansii var. pseudomuyldermansiiArts, Nordhorn-Richter & A.J.E.Sm. Journal of Bryology14: 642. f. 3. 1987.Weissia6mittenii (Bruch & Schimp.) Mitt. emend.A.J.E.Sm., stat. nov. Basionym: Weissia mittenii (Bruch &Schimp.) Mitt., Annals and Magazine of Natural History,ser. 2, 8: 317. 1851.Planta originis hybridae. Parens feminea Weissia multicapsularis.Parens mas forte W. rostellata.Composition of the moss floraThe moss flora comprises 1292 species in 278 genera, 71families and 22 orders. In addition, we recognize 46subspecies and 118 varieties. Of the total 1292 species, 53are confined in Europe to the Atlantic islands ofMacaronesia (Table 2). In addition, Bryoxiphium norvegicum,Didymodon brachyphyllus and Polytrichastrumsphaerothecium are confined to Iceland, and Bryumminiatum to the Faeroe islands.In the east and south-east, several species are known onlyfrom Russia, mainly from the Urals and the Caucasus. InAsia just outside Europe, Crumia latifolia, Tortula caucasicaand Trichostomum connivens are known from theCaucasus. An additional eight species are listed byKürschner & Erdağ (2005) from Anatolia.Twenty-onespeciesofmossarethoughttohavebeenintroduced to Europe by human agency (Table 3), aremarkably small number. Mosses must have beenintroduced from the Americas, especially to Macaronesia,before moss recording began; but invasions before1900 would not have been noticed. No non-native speciesis known to have arrived before 1800, though Corley &Frahm (1982) have speculated that Campylopus pyriformisis a late 18th century introduction from the SouthernHemisphere. Indeed, the only alien known to have reachedEurope before 1900 is the North American Atrichumcrispum, which has spread slowly and is probably a singleclone. There are several other species that may beintroduced. For example Bryum gemmiferum, now widespreadin central and west Europe, appears still to bespreading, and lacks pre-1940 records (HermanStieperaere, pers. comm.).TAXONOMIC HIERARCHYThe main source for the hierarchy is Goffinet & Buck(2004). A few genera have been moved between families totake account of suggestions from Ignatov and Hedenäs orwhere there is evidence from newer molecular phylogenies.The following classes and orders occur in Europe. Ordersare included in the list of taxa, below.