Material and methods 221 hr in 1% blocking solution (Roche) and incubated overnight with anti-digoxigeninalkaline phosphatase (AP) conjugated antibody (Roche; 1:200 dilution) in blockingsolution at 4 °C. Specimens were washed at least four times 15 min in MABTw andtwo times 5 min in AP buffer (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M Tris pH 9.5, 0.05M MgCl 2 , 0.5%Tween 20) and developed with NBT/BCIP (Roche) in the dark. The reactions werestopped with PTw, specimens were fixed in 3.7% PFA overnight at 4 °C and stored in80% glycerol in PBS at -20°C. Specimens were analysed and photographed usingDIC optics on a Zeiss Axiophot microscope (Zeiss, Jena, Germany) in conjunctionwith a Leica DFC300FX digital camera (Leica, Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany).ResultsIn the course of the present <strong>PhD</strong> study, three different sipunculan species, whichcover three out of six currently recognised families, were investigated. Phascolosomaagassizii was collected and reared at the Friday Harbor Laboratories on the San JuanIsland (Washington, USA) whereas Themiste pyroides and Thysanocardia nigra wereacquired at the Vostok-Marine-Station (Vladivostok, Russia). The muscle andnervous system development is described for all investigated species, the distributionof proliferating cells for T. pyroides and T. nigra, and cloning of homeobox genes aswell as the establishment of an in situ hybridisation protocol for T. Pyroides. Themain findings are summarised in the following section. Further details are given in thechapters II – IV.Cloning of homeobox genes in Themiste pyroidesWith the pair of degenerate primers CT77 and CT78, which were designed to theconserved regions within the homeobox, the orthologues for the hox1 (labial), hox3,hox5 (sex combs reduced), hox5 (fushi tarazu), hox8 (abdominal-A), even-skipped,lox2, caudal, xlox, and not were isolated. The isolated gene fragments of Themistepyroides cDNA were generated from mixed embryonic and larval stages; their lengthswere between 135 and 271 bp (Table 3). Unfortunately, gene specific primers andRACE PCRs were not able to extent the recovered fragments neither in 5’ nor in 3’direction. The only exceptions were the genes hox1 (labial) (47 bp) and hox8(abdominal-A) (73 bp), which included the stop codon and a poly-A tail, but the
23 Resultsobtained fragments were too short to generate riboprobes for successful in situhybridisation experiments.Establishment of an in situ hybridisation protocolUsing a set of degenerate primers (Table 2), gene fragments of 700 bp of myosinheavy chain (Tp-mhc) and 500 bp of beta-actin (Tp-actin) were recovered by PCR.Tp-mhc is expressed from early trochophore stages (ca. 2 days afterfertilisation (dpf)) onwards in the four developing retractor muscles (Fig. 3A-C). FirstTp-actin expression is also in the early trochophore larvae in a prominent U-shapedband in the area of the forming retractor muscles (Fig. 3D). In pelagosphera larvae theTp-actin is expressed in distinct areas of the paired dorsal and ventral retractormuscles (Fig. 3E, F).