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References 44Rice ME. 1975b. Observations on the development of six species of CaribbeanSipuncula with a review of development in the phylum. In Rice ME, TodorovicM (eds.). Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipuncula andEchiura. Kotor: Naučno Delo Press, pp. 141-160.Rice ME. 1975c. Sipuncula. In Giese AC, Pearse JS (eds.). Reproduction of MarineInvertebrates. New York: Academic Press, pp. 67-127.Rice ME. 1981. Larvae adrift: patterns and problems in life histories of sipunculans.Am Zool 21: 605-619.Rice ME. 1985. Sipuncula: developmental evidence for phylogenetic inference. InMorris SC, George JD, Gibson R, Platt HM (eds.). The Origins andRelationships of Lower Invertebrates. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp.274-296.Richter S, Loesel R, Purschke G, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Scholtz G, Stach T, Vogt L,Wanninger A, Brenneis G, Döring C, Faller S, Fritsch M, Grobe P, Heuer CM,Kaul S, Møller OS, Müller CHG, Rieger V, Rothe BH, Stegner MEJ, HarzschS. 2010. Invertebrate neurophylogeny: suggested terms and definitions for aneuroanatomical glossary. Front Zool 7: 29.Rouse GW. 1999. Trochophore concepts: ciliary bands and the evolution of larvae inspiralian Metazoa. Biol J Linn Soc 66: 411-464.Ruiz-Trillo I, Paps J, Loukota M, Ribera C, Jondelius U, Baguña J, Riutort M. 2002.A phylogenetic analysis of myosin heavy chain type II sequences corroboratesthat Acoela and Nemertodermatida are basal bilaterians. Proc Natl Acad SciUSA 99: 11246-11251.Sawyer RT. 1986. Leech Biology and Behaviour. Oxford: Clarendon Press, Vol. 1.Scheltema AH. 1993. Aplacophora as progenetic aculiferans and the coelomateorigin of mollusks as the sister taxon of Sipuncula. Biol Bull 184: 57-78.Scheltema AH. 1996. Phylogenetic position of Sipuncula, Mollusca and theprogenetic Aplacophora. In Taylor J (ed.). Origin and Evolutionary Radiation ofthe Mollusca. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 53-58.Scheltema RS, Hall JR. 1975. The dispersal of pelagosphera larvae by ocean currentsand its relationship to geographical distribution of sipunculans. In Rice ME,Todorovic M (eds.). Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sipunculaand Echiura. Kotor: Naučno Delo Press , pp. 103-115.
45 ReferencesScholtz G. 2002. The Articulata hypo<strong>thesis</strong> – or what is a segment? Organisms,Diversity and Evolution 2: 197-215.Schulze A, Cutler EB, Giribet G. 2005. Reconstructing the phylogeny of theSipuncula. Hydrobiologia 535/536: 277-296.Schulze A, Cutler EB, Giribet G. 2007. Phylogeny of sipunculan worms: a combinedanalysis of for gene regions and morphology. Mol Phyl Evol 42: 171-192.Schulze A, Rice ME. 2009. Musculature in sipunculan worms: ontogeny andancestral states. Evol Dev 11: 97-108.Seaver EC. 2003. Segmentation: mono- or polyphyletic? Int J Dev Biol 47: 583-595.Seaver EC, Kaneshige LM. 2006. Expression of ‘segmentation’ genes during larvaland juvenile development in the polychaetes Capitella sp I and H. elegans. DevBiol 289: 179-194.Seaver EC, Thamm K, Hill SD. 2005. Growth patterns during segmentation in thetwo polychaete annelids, Capitella sp. I and Hydroides elegans: comparison atdistinct life history stages. Evol Dev 7: 312-326.Shen X, Ma X, Ren J, Zhao F. 2009. A close phylogenetic relationship betweenSipuncula and Annelida evidenced from the complete mitochondrial genomesequence of Phascolosoma esculenta. BMC Genomics 10: 136.Sperling EA, Vinther J, Moy VN, Wheeler BM, Sémon M, Briggs DEG, PetersonKJ. 2009. MicroRNAs resolve an apparent conflict between annelid systematicsand their fossil record. Proc R Soc B 276: 4315-4322.Struck TH, Paul C, Hill N, Hartmann S, Hösel C, Kube M, Lieb B, Meyer A,Tiedemann R, Purschke G, Bleidorn C. 2011. Phylogenomic analyses unravelannelid evolution. Nature 471: 95-100.Struck TH, Schult N, Kusen T, Hickman E, Bleidorn C, McHugh D, Halanych KM.2007. Annelid phylogeny and the status of Sipuncula and Echiura. BMC EvolBiol 7: 57.Tzetlin AB, Filippova AV. 2005. Muscular system in polychaetes (Annelida).Hydrobiologia 535/536: 113-126.Tzetlin AB, Purschke G. 2006. Fine structure of the pharyngeal apparatus of thepelagosphera larva in Phascolosoma agassizii (Sipuncula) and its phylogeneticsignificance. Zoomorphology 125: 109-117.
Page 2 and 3: 2DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGYFACULTY OF SC
Page 4 and 5: 4“In a world that keeps on pushin
Page 6 and 7: Acknowledgements 6AcknowledgementsI
Page 8 and 9: Content 8ContentPreface…………
Page 10 and 11: Abstract 10AbstractPeanut worms (Si
Page 12 and 13: General introduction 12General intr
Page 14 and 15: General introduction 14tuft and a r
Page 16 and 17: Thesis objectives 16In the followin
Page 18 and 19: Material and methods 18Nacka, Swede
Page 20 and 21: Material and methods 20Table 3. Iso
Page 22 and 23: Material and methods 221 hr in 1% b
Page 24 and 25: Results 24Figure 3. Expression of m
Page 26 and 27: Results 26Figure 4. Confocal microg
Page 28 and 29: Results 28positioned to the ventral
Page 30 and 31: Results 30developed cerebral gangli
Page 32 and 33: General discussion 32alveolata, and
Page 34 and 35: General discussion 34the sipunculan
Page 36 and 37: General discussion 36exhibit an add
Page 38 and 39: Conclusions and future perspectives
Page 40 and 41: References 40Dordel J, Fisse F, Pur
Page 42 and 43: References 42Hunnekuhl VS, Bergter
Page 46 and 47: References 46Voronezhskaya EE, Nezl
Page 48 and 49: Current Biology 18, 1129-1132, Augu
Page 50 and 51: Segmental Neurogenesis in Sipuncula
Page 52 and 53: Chapter III 52Chapter IIIWanninger
Page 54 and 55: Sipunculans and segmentationdevelop
Page 56 and 57: Sipunculans and segmentationof one
Page 58 and 59: RESEARCH ARTICLECellular and Muscul
Page 60 and 61: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 3Denmark
Page 62 and 63: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 5either
Page 64 and 65: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 7Figure
Page 66 and 67: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 9Develop
Page 68 and 69: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 11Hydroi
Page 70 and 71: SIPUNCULAN GROWTH PATTERNS 13de Ros

PhD thesis - Biologisk Institut - KÃ¸benhavns Universitet

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