WOMEN IN BUSINESS SUMMITJOBS FIRST, THEN SOCIAL GRANTS:The pursuit of prosperitySocial grants are one of <strong>the</strong> main tools through which <strong>the</strong> budgetredistributes income from <strong>the</strong> rich to <strong>the</strong> poor households, includingto indigent women who need to provide for <strong>the</strong>ir families. However,social grant beneficiaries have reached a staggering 15,6 million,which simply is an unsustainable level of spending. The ideal thatwe should be working towards is for Government’s spending on socialservices to complement rising employment, says Nhlanhla Nene,Deputy Minister of Finance.We often make <strong>the</strong> mistakeof focusing on womenempowerment insteadof recognising <strong>the</strong> power thatwomen have, and how <strong>the</strong>y use itfor <strong>the</strong> benefit of all. We cannotoveremphasise <strong>the</strong> importantcontribution that women have madeto <strong>the</strong> liberation struggle in ourcountry, and continue to do so to thisday, and for that, we salute <strong>the</strong>m.When looking at important policyareas, National Treasury has receivedboth praise and criticism for itsmanagement of fiscal policy over <strong>the</strong>past 15 years, which really is quitenatural. We undertook a successfulfiscal adjustment in <strong>the</strong> mid-1990s toavert a debt crisis by taking strongsteps to reduce government savingand broaden <strong>the</strong> tax base throughmore efficient tax collection. Strongrevenue growth allowed Governmentto consolidate debt and to provide taxrelief to households and companies.The fiscal deficit declined from almost8% of gross domestic product (GDP)in <strong>the</strong> early 1990s to a small budgetsurplus before <strong>the</strong> onset of <strong>the</strong> globalcrisis.By reducing <strong>the</strong> level of debt,we reaped <strong>the</strong> benefit of lower debtservice costs, which in turn createdspace for strong real growth in noninterestexpenditure in <strong>the</strong> 2000s. Asa result, we were able to step up <strong>the</strong>required investment in <strong>the</strong> country’slogistics and services infrastructure,which has this year gained newmomentum in <strong>the</strong> State of <strong>the</strong> Nationaddress. Also, very importantly,Government was able to expand14 I S S U E 1
WOMEN IN BUSINESS SUMMITaccess to much-needed social services,and create a social safety net for <strong>the</strong>poor, including women in need.Social spending, including socialassistance, education, health, housing,recreation and community amenities,accounts for about 58% of governmentexpenditure. Social grants are oneof <strong>the</strong> main tools through which <strong>the</strong>budget redistributes income from<strong>the</strong> rich to <strong>the</strong> poor households,including to indigent women who needto provide for <strong>the</strong>ir families. Suchredistribution is crucial to help reduce<strong>the</strong> current high levels of poverty andinequality in our country. However,social grant beneficiaries havereached a staggering 15,6 million,which simply is an unsustainablelevel of spending. Therefore, <strong>the</strong> idealthat we should be working towards isfor Government’s spending on socialservices merely to complement risingemployment. First and foremost, <strong>the</strong>economy needs to grow faster so thatcompanies can expand investmentand, most importantly, employ morepeople. In addition, social grantspending must support productivityand real wage improvements. In thisrespect, women and business need towork with Government to make surethat we accurately identify <strong>the</strong> targetsof social expenditure.Thus, while we understand thatgrants are necessary, <strong>the</strong>y are notsufficient to address inequality in<strong>the</strong> long run. For that, we need toempower people, particularly ourwomen, with <strong>the</strong> education and skillsto become productive members ofsociety. Only <strong>the</strong>n will we be ableto achieve our country’s objective ofreducing poverty and inequality.Of course, <strong>the</strong> global economicdownturn could have had devastatingeffects on South Africa, especiallyin view of our high social spending.However, over <strong>the</strong> decade up to2009, real spending grew at a rapidpace of 9% per annum on average,which enabled a doubling of <strong>the</strong>social wage, rising capital budgets,growing social transfers, increasedpublic employment and improvedpublic-sector wages. The bufferthat had been built up as a result ofcontra-cyclical fiscal policies during<strong>the</strong> boom time <strong>the</strong>refore stood <strong>the</strong>economy in good stead when <strong>the</strong>financial crisis struck in 2008. When<strong>the</strong> economy fell into recession andtax revenues plunged, we were ableto sustain expenditure on socialgrants, infrastructure investments,education and health by increasingour borrowing. The Expanded PublicWorks Programme was also expandedto support employment, and <strong>the</strong>period for unemployment insuranceeligibility was increased from sixto nine months. Fiscal policy was<strong>the</strong>refore able to play a stabilisingrole in <strong>the</strong> economic crisis, and helpedto minimise economic and socialhardship. The fact that taxes were notincreased to make up for <strong>the</strong> shortfallin revenues supported recovery inbusiness confidence.South Africa’s fiscal response to<strong>the</strong> 2009 recession was robust andstrong. The consolidated governmentdeficit increased from 1,1% of GDPin 2009, to 6,5% of GDP during <strong>the</strong>recession in 2009/10, before fallingto an estimated 4,5% in <strong>the</strong> currentyear. Moreover, <strong>the</strong> medium-termexpenditure estimates published in<strong>the</strong> 2012 budget projected <strong>the</strong> deficitto fall back to 3% of GDP in 2014/15.Despite <strong>the</strong> deficit and a rise indebt levels, we are <strong>the</strong>refore confidentthat we are on a sustainable fiscalpath. Our long-term decisions onfiscal policy are driven by threeprinciples, namely counter-cyclicality,long-term debt sustainability andintergenerational equity. Essentially,this means that we need to get backto a position where <strong>the</strong> budget canbe flexible to adjust to shocks to <strong>the</strong>economy in <strong>the</strong> future. To achievethis, we need to keep real spendingand growth at a moderate pace, andstabilise growth of our debt withspending towards investment in <strong>the</strong>productive capacity of <strong>the</strong> countryra<strong>the</strong>r than towards consumption.It is evident that we have beenable to manage our country’s financesin a responsible manner. There ishowever no room for complacency. Itis imperative that government policiescreate an environment for business– and especially women in business– to thrive and expand. Addressing<strong>the</strong> structural constraints that areundermining economic growth, anddrawing in those who are currentlyexcluded from <strong>the</strong> formal economy,will prove vital. ✥<strong>Progressive</strong> women in business 15