FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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d. Coverage Diagram. On maps at scales of 1:100,000 and larger, a coverage diagram may be used. It isnormally in the lower or right margin and indicates the methods by which the map was made, dates ofphotography, and reliability of the sources. On maps at 1:250,000 scale, the coverage diagram is replaced by areliability diagram.e. Special Notes (24). A special note is any statement of general information that relates to the mapped area. Itis normally found in the lower right margin. For example: This map is red-light readable.f. User's Note (25). This note is normally located in the lower right-hand margin. It requests cooperation incorrecting errors or omissions on the map. Errors should be marked and the map forwarded to the agencyidentified in the note.g. Stock Number Identification (26). All maps published by the DMA that are in the Department of the Armymap supply system contain stock number identifications that are used in requisitioning map supplies. Theidentification consists of the words "STOCK NO" followed by a unique designation that is composed of theseries number, the sheet number of the individual map and, on recently printed sheets, the edition number. Thedesignation is limited to 15 units (letters and numbers). The first 5 units are allotted to the series number; whenthe series number is less than 5 units, the letter "X" is substituted as the fifth unit. The sheet number is the nextcomponent; however, Roman numerals, which are part of the sheet number, are converted to Arabic numerals inthe stock number. The last 2 units are the edition number; the first digit of the edition number is a zero if thenumber is less than 10. If the current edition number is unknown, the number 01 is used. The latest availableedition will be furnished. Asterisks are placed between the sheet number and the edition number when necessaryto ensure there are at least 11 units in the stock number.h. Conversion Graph (27). Normally found in the right margin, this graph indicates the conversion ofdifferent units of measure used on the map.3-3. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP SYMBOLSThe purpose of a map is to permit one to visualize an area of the earth's surface with pertinent features properlypositioned. The map's legend contains the symbols most commonly used in a particular series or on that specifictopographic map sheet. Therefore, the legend should be referred to each time a new map is used. Every effort is madeto design standard symbols that resemble the features they represent. If this is not possible, symbols are selected thatlogically imply the features they portray. For example, an open-pit mining operation is represented by a small blackdrawing of a crossed hammer and pickax.a. Ideally, all the features within an area would appear on a map in their true proportion, position, and shape.This, however, is not practical because many of the features would be unimportant and others would beunrecognizable because of their reduction in size.b. The mapmaker has been forced to use symbols to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth'ssurface. These symbols resemble, as closely as possible, the actual features themselves as viewed from above.They are positioned in such a manner that the center of the symbol remains in its true location. An exception tothis would be the position of a feature adjacent to a major road. If the width of the road has been exaggerated,then the feature is moved from its true position to preserve its relation to the road. Field Manual 21-31 gives adescription of topographic features and abbreviations authorized for use on our military maps.3-4. MILITARY SYMBOLSIn addition to the topographic symbols used to represent the natural and man-made features of the earth, militarypersonnel require some method for showing identity, size, location, or movement of soldiers; and military activitiesand installations. The symbols used to represent these military features are known as military symbols. These symbolsare not normally printed on maps because the features and units that they represent are constantly moving or changing;military security is also a consideration. They do appear in special maps and overlays (Chapter 7). The map user drawsthem in, in accordance with proper security precautions. Refer to FM 101-5-1 for complete information on militarysymbols.3-5. COLORS USED ON A MILITARY MAPBy the fifteenth century, most European maps were carefully colored. Profile drawings of mountains and hills were
shown in brown, rivers and lakes in blue, vegetation in green, roads in yellow, and special information in red. A lookat the legend of a modern map confirms that the use of colors has not changed much over the past several hundredyears. To facilitate the identification of features on a map, the topographical and cultural information is usually printedin different colors. These colors may vary from map to map. On a standard large-scale topographic map, the colorsused and the features each represent are:a. Black. Indicates cultural (man-made) features such as buildings and roads, surveyed spot elevations, and alllabels.b. Red-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, nonsurveyedspot elevations, and elevation, such as contour lines on red-light readable maps.c. Blue. Identifies hydrography or water features such as lakes, swamps, rivers, and drainage.d. Green. Identifies vegetation with military significance, such as woods, orchards, and vineyards.e. Brown. Identifies all relief features and elevation, such as contours on older edition maps, and cultivatedland on red-light readable maps.f. Red. Classifies cultural features, such as populated areas, main roads, and boundaries, on older maps.g. Other. Occasionally other colors may be used to show special information. These are indicated in themarginal information as a rule.
Page 1 and 2: *FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)Field ManualN
Page 3 and 4: Chapter7OVERLAYSPurposeMap OverlayA
Page 5 and 6: AAppendixBMAP FOLDING TECHNIQUESApp
Page 7 and 8: PART ONEMAP READINGCHAPTER 1TRAININ
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2MAPSCartography is the art
Page 11 and 12: mission may depend on that map. All
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-2. Joint operations graphi
Page 15 and 16: 2-8. STANDARDS OF ACCURACYAccuracy
Page 17 and 18: ectangle that represents the sheet
Page 19: Figure 3-1. Topographical map.3-2.
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4-2. Reference lines.c. Geog
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4-4. Determining latitude.(6
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4-6. Determining geographic
Page 29 and 30: • 5,125 x 300 = 1,537,500• 1,53
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4-9. False eastings and nort
Page 33 and 34: (1) Grid Lines. The regularly space
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-14. Coordinate scales.(a)
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-16. Placing a coordinate s
Page 39 and 40: locations. With practice, this can
Page 41 and 42: g. 10-Meter Identification. The gri
Page 43 and 44: south to north. To designate any on
Page 45 and 46: c. The situation may arise when a m
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-3. Transferring map distan
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5-5. Measuring a curved line
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5-7. Reading the extension s
Page 53 and 54: about 30 inches long. To accurately
Page 55 and 56: Factors AffectingRange EstimationTh
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6-1. Three norths.b. Magneti
Page 59 and 60: Figure 6-4. Measuring an azimuth.WA
Page 61 and 62: . When using the protractor, the ba
Page 63 and 64: azimuth to grid azimuth; the other,
Page 65 and 66: azimuth (Figure 6-12).Figure 6-12.
Page 67 and 68: Intersection is the location of an
Page 69 and 70: Figure 6-18. Resection with map and
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Figure 6-20. Modified resection.6-1
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(2) If you have observed any topogr
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(6) Map Reference. Reference is mad
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(3) The shape of the ground area co
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Figure 8-4. Low oblique photograph.
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Figure 8-7. Relationship of cameras
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8-5. SCALE DETERMINATIONBefore a ph
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square or rectangle. After the four
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. If no map is available, the shado
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Figure 8-17. Constructing a point d
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Figure 8-19. Locating the grid coor
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Figure 8-21. Side lap.b. The requir
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Figure 8-24. Placement of stereosco
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(2) Encasing the floating dial is a
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c. Presetting a Compass and Followi
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9-5. FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODSFigure
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this, make a shadow clock and set y
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9-6. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMFigur
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CHAPTER 10ELEVATION AND RELIEFThe e
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contour line numbered 600. Locate p
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Figure 10-7. Uniform, steep slope.c
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Figure 10-11. Contour line around a
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Figure 10-15. Gradient.10-6. TERRAI
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Figure 10-19. Valley.(4) Ridge. A r
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Figure 10-24A. Cliff.Figure 10-24B.
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(3) To the south lies a valley; the
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Figure 10-28. Connecting points.(2)
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Figure 10-31. Drawing a hasty profi
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Figure 11-1. Map oriented with 11 d
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Figure 11-4. Map oriented with 10 d
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The key to success in land navigati
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(3) To The South. The terrain gentl
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concealment from enemy observation.
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compare the evidence you encounter
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(10) Because no one can move along
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ecommended. The point man is in fro
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Figure 12-1. Tracked vehicle capabi
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c. Use Terrain Features as Checkpoi
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(7) The distance factor in dead rec
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Table 13-1. Major desert regions.(1
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Mountains are generally understood
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Figure 13-3. Jungles and savannas.a
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trafficability, a deep accumulation
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CHAPTER 14UNIT SUSTAINMENTLand navi
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This sequence can be used to develo
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c. Area Sketches. These sketches in
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Figure B-2. How to slit and fold a
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1 degree = 1/360 circle = about 17.
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APPENDIX DJOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
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APPENDIX FORIENTEERINGWhat is orien
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Figure F-2. A cross-country oriente
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(usually at one-minute intervals) t
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Figure F-5. Recorder's sheet.g. Eve
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F-8. CONTROL POINT GUIDELINESWhen t
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Figure F-9. Map symbols (continued)
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Page 183 and 184:
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F-10. ORIENTEERING TECHNIQUESFigure
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APPENDIX GM2 COMPASSThe M2 compass
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL AIDSThis appen
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H-6. GROUND-VEHICULAR LASER LOCATOR
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Step 3. Look at the composition. To
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J-5. COMPATABILITYAll GPS receivers
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• Signal intelligence.• Electro
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Figure K-4. Setup the units.d. The
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Figure K--10. Enter a way point.c.
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Figure K--14. Azimuth.d. The third
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GSRGTAG/VLLDground surveillance rad
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VNASvehicular navigation aids syste
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FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)20 JULY 2001By
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FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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