FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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a. Grid Zone Designation. The world is divided into 60 grid zones, which are large, regularly shapedgeographic areas, each of which is given a unique identification called the grid zone designation.(1) UTM Grid. The first major breakdown is the division of each zone into areas 6° wide by 8° high and6° wide by 12° high. Remember, for the transverse Mercator projection, the earth's surface between 80° Sand 84° N is divided into 60 N-S zones, each 6° wide. These zones are numbered from west to east, 1through 60, starting at the 180° meridian. This surface is divided into 20 east-west rows in which 19 are8° high and 1 row at the extreme north is 12° high. These rows are then lettered, from south to north, Cthrough X (I and O were omitted). Any 6° by 8° zone or 6° by 12° zone is identified by giving the numberand letter of the grid zone and row in which it lies. These are read RIGHT and UP so the number isalways written before the letter. This combination of zone number and row letter constitutes the grid zonedesignation. Columbus lies in zone 16 and row S, or in grid zone designation 16S (Figure 4-8).(2) UPS Grid. The remaining letters of the alphabet, A, B, Y, and Z, are used for the UPS grids. Eachpolar area is divided into two zones separated by the 0-180° meridian. In the south polar area, the letter Ais the grid zone designation for the area west of the 0-180° meridian, and B for the area to the east. In thenorth polar area, Y is the grid zone designation for the western area and Z for the eastern area (Figure 4-10).b. 100,000-Meter Square. Between 84° N and 80° S, each 6° by 8° or 6° by 12° zone is covered by 100,000-meter squares that are identified by the combination of two alphabetical letters. This identification is uniquewithin the area covered by the grid zone designation. The first letter is the column designation; the second letteris the row designation (Figure 4-11). The north and south polar areas are also divided into 100,000-metersquares by columns and rows. A detailed discussion of the polar system can be found in Technical Report 8358.1. The 100,000-meter square identification letters are located in the grid reference box in the lower margin ofthe map.Figure 4-11. Grid zone designation and 100,000-meter square identification.c. Grid Coordinates. We have now divided the earth's surface into 6° by 8° quadrangles, and covered thesewith 100,000-meter squares. The military grid reference of a point consists of the numbers and letters indicatingin which of these areas the point lies, plus the coordinates locating the point to the desired position within the100,000-meter square. The next step is to tie in the coordinates of the point with the larger areas. To do this, youmust understand the following.
(1) Grid Lines. The regularly spaced lines that make the UTM and the UPS grid on any large-scale mapsare divisions of the 100,000-meter square; the lines are spaced at 10,000- or 1,000-meter intervals (Figure4-12). Each of these lines is labeled at both ends of the map with its false easting or false northing value,showing its relation to the origin of the zone. Two digits of the values are printed in large type, and thesesame two digits appear at intervals along the grid lines on the face of the map. These are called theprincipal digits, and represent the 10,000 and 1,000 digits of the grid value. They are of major importanceto the map reader because they are the numbers he will use most often for referencing points. The smallerdigits complete the UTM grid designation.Figure 4-12. Grid lines.EXAMPLE: The first grid line north of the south-west corner of the Columbus map is labeled 3570000mN. This means its false northing (distance north of the equator) is 3,570,000 meters. The principal digits,70, identify the line for referencing points in the northerly direction. The smaller digits, 35, are part of thefalse coordinates and are rarely used. The last three digits, 000, of the value are omitted. Therefore, thefirst grid line east of the south-west corner is labeled 689000m E. The principal digits, 89, identify the linefor referencing points in the easterly direction (Figure 4-13).
Page 1 and 2: *FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)Field ManualN
Page 3 and 4: Chapter7OVERLAYSPurposeMap OverlayA
Page 5 and 6: AAppendixBMAP FOLDING TECHNIQUESApp
Page 7 and 8: PART ONEMAP READINGCHAPTER 1TRAININ
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2MAPSCartography is the art
Page 11 and 12: mission may depend on that map. All
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-2. Joint operations graphi
Page 15 and 16: 2-8. STANDARDS OF ACCURACYAccuracy
Page 17 and 18: ectangle that represents the sheet
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3-1. Topographical map.3-2.
Page 21 and 22: shown in brown, rivers and lakes in
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4-2. Reference lines.c. Geog
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4-4. Determining latitude.(6
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4-6. Determining geographic
Page 29 and 30: • 5,125 x 300 = 1,537,500• 1,53
Page 31: Figure 4-9. False eastings and nort
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-14. Coordinate scales.(a)
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-16. Placing a coordinate s
Page 39 and 40: locations. With practice, this can
Page 41 and 42: g. 10-Meter Identification. The gri
Page 43 and 44: south to north. To designate any on
Page 45 and 46: c. The situation may arise when a m
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-3. Transferring map distan
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5-5. Measuring a curved line
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5-7. Reading the extension s
Page 53 and 54: about 30 inches long. To accurately
Page 55 and 56: Factors AffectingRange EstimationTh
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6-1. Three norths.b. Magneti
Page 59 and 60: Figure 6-4. Measuring an azimuth.WA
Page 61 and 62: . When using the protractor, the ba
Page 63 and 64: azimuth to grid azimuth; the other,
Page 65 and 66: azimuth (Figure 6-12).Figure 6-12.
Page 67 and 68: Intersection is the location of an
Page 69 and 70: Figure 6-18. Resection with map and
Page 71 and 72: Figure 6-20. Modified resection.6-1
Page 73 and 74: (2) If you have observed any topogr
Page 75 and 76: (6) Map Reference. Reference is mad
Page 77 and 78: (3) The shape of the ground area co
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8-4. Low oblique photograph.
Page 81 and 82: Figure 8-7. Relationship of cameras
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8-5. SCALE DETERMINATIONBefore a ph
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square or rectangle. After the four
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. If no map is available, the shado
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Figure 8-17. Constructing a point d
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Figure 8-19. Locating the grid coor
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Figure 8-21. Side lap.b. The requir
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Figure 8-24. Placement of stereosco
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(2) Encasing the floating dial is a
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c. Presetting a Compass and Followi
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9-5. FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODSFigure
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this, make a shadow clock and set y
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9-6. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMFigur
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CHAPTER 10ELEVATION AND RELIEFThe e
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contour line numbered 600. Locate p
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Figure 10-7. Uniform, steep slope.c
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Figure 10-11. Contour line around a
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Figure 10-15. Gradient.10-6. TERRAI
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Figure 10-19. Valley.(4) Ridge. A r
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Figure 10-24A. Cliff.Figure 10-24B.
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(3) To the south lies a valley; the
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Figure 10-28. Connecting points.(2)
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Figure 10-31. Drawing a hasty profi
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Figure 11-1. Map oriented with 11 d
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Figure 11-4. Map oriented with 10 d
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The key to success in land navigati
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(3) To The South. The terrain gentl
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concealment from enemy observation.
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compare the evidence you encounter
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(10) Because no one can move along
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ecommended. The point man is in fro
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Figure 12-1. Tracked vehicle capabi
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c. Use Terrain Features as Checkpoi
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(7) The distance factor in dead rec
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Table 13-1. Major desert regions.(1
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Mountains are generally understood
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Figure 13-3. Jungles and savannas.a
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trafficability, a deep accumulation
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CHAPTER 14UNIT SUSTAINMENTLand navi
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This sequence can be used to develo
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c. Area Sketches. These sketches in
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Figure B-2. How to slit and fold a
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1 degree = 1/360 circle = about 17.
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APPENDIX DJOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
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APPENDIX FORIENTEERINGWhat is orien
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Figure F-2. A cross-country oriente
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(usually at one-minute intervals) t
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Figure F-5. Recorder's sheet.g. Eve
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F-8. CONTROL POINT GUIDELINESWhen t
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Figure F-9. Map symbols (continued)
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F-10. ORIENTEERING TECHNIQUESFigure
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APPENDIX GM2 COMPASSThe M2 compass
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL AIDSThis appen
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H-6. GROUND-VEHICULAR LASER LOCATOR
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Step 3. Look at the composition. To
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J-5. COMPATABILITYAll GPS receivers
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• Signal intelligence.• Electro
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Figure K-4. Setup the units.d. The
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Figure K--10. Enter a way point.c.
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Figure K--14. Azimuth.d. The third
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GSRGTAG/VLLDground surveillance rad
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VNASvehicular navigation aids syste
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FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)20 JULY 2001By
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FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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