FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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PrefaceThe purpose of this field manual is to provide a standardized source document for Armywidereference on map reading and land navigation. This manual applies to every soldier in the Armyregardless of service branch, MOS, or rank. This manual also contains both doctrine and training guidanceon these subjects. Part One addresses map reading and Part Two, land navigation. The appendixes includea list of exportable training materials, a matrix of land navigation tasks, an introduction to orienteering,and a discussion of several devices that can assist the soldier in land navigation.The proponent of this publication is the US Army Infantry School. Submit changes to thispublication on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to—CommandantUS Army Infantry SchoolATTN: ATSH-IN-S3Fort Benning, GA 31905-5596.Lusanoh@benning.army.milUnless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.
PART ONE<strong>MAP</strong> <strong>READING</strong>CHAPTER 1TRAINING STRATEGYThis manual is in response to an Armywide need for a new map reading and land navigation trainingstrategy based on updated doctrine. This chapter describes and illustrates this approach to teaching theseskills.1-1. BUILDING-BLOCK APPROACHInstitution courses are designed to prepare the soldier for a more advanced duty position in his unit. The criticalsoldiering skills of move, shoot, and communicate must be trained, practiced, and sustained at every level in theschools as well as in the unit. The map reading and land navigation skills taught at each level are critical to thesoldiering skills of the duty position for which he is being school-trained. Therefore, they are also a prerequisite for acritical skill at a more advanced level.a. A soldier completing initial-entry training must be prepared to become a team member. He must beproficient in the basic map reading and dead reckoning skills.b. After completing the Primary Leadership Development Course (PLDC), a soldier should be ready to be ateam leader. This duty position requires expertise in the skills of map reading, dead reckoning, and terrainassociation.c. A soldier completing the Basic NCO Course (BNCOC) has been trained for the squad leader position. Mapreading and land navigation at skill level 3 requires development of problem-solving skills; for example, routeselection and squad tactical movement.d. At skill level 4, the soldier completing the Advanced NCO Course (ANCOC) is prepared to assume the dutyposition of platoon sergeant or operations NCO. Planning tactical movements, developing unit sustainment, andmaking decisions are the important land navigation skills at this level.e. Officers follow similar progression. A new second lieutenant must have mastered map reading and landnavigation skills, and have an aptitude for dead reckoning and terrain association.(1) After completing the Officer Basic Course, the officer must be prepared to assume the duties andresponsibilities of a platoon leader. He is required to execute the orders and operations of his commander.Map reading and land navigation at this level require development of the problem-solving skills of routeselection and tactical movement.(2) After completing the Officer Advanced Course, the officer is prepared to assume the duties andresponsibilities of a company commander or primary staff officer. The commander must plan and executeoperations with full consideration to all aspects of navigation. The staff officer must recommendbattlefield placement of all administrative, logistical, and personnel resources. These recommendationscannot be tactically sound unless the estimate process includes a detailed analysis of the area ofoperations. This ability requires expertise in all map reading and navigation skills to include the use ofnonmilitary maps, aerial photographs, and terrain analysis with respect to both friendly and enemy forces.The commander/staff officer must plan and execute a program to develop the unit's train-the-trainerprogram for land navigation.f. A program of demonstrated proficiency of all the preceding skill levels to the specified conditions andstandards is a prerequisite to the successful implementation of a building-block training approach. Thisapproach reflects duty position responsibilities in map reading and land navigation. An understanding of thefundamental techniques of dead reckoning or field-expedient methods is a basic survival skill that each soldiermust develop at the initial-entry level. This skill provides a support foundation for more interpretive analysis atintermediate skill levels 2 and 3, with final progression to level 4. Mastery of all map reading and land
Page 1 and 2: *FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)Field ManualN
Page 3 and 4: Chapter7OVERLAYSPurposeMap OverlayA
Page 5: AAppendixBMAP FOLDING TECHNIQUESApp
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2MAPSCartography is the art
Page 11 and 12: mission may depend on that map. All
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-2. Joint operations graphi
Page 15 and 16: 2-8. STANDARDS OF ACCURACYAccuracy
Page 17 and 18: ectangle that represents the sheet
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3-1. Topographical map.3-2.
Page 21 and 22: shown in brown, rivers and lakes in
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4-2. Reference lines.c. Geog
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4-4. Determining latitude.(6
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4-6. Determining geographic
Page 29 and 30: • 5,125 x 300 = 1,537,500• 1,53
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4-9. False eastings and nort
Page 33 and 34: (1) Grid Lines. The regularly space
Page 35 and 36: Figure 4-14. Coordinate scales.(a)
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-16. Placing a coordinate s
Page 39 and 40: locations. With practice, this can
Page 41 and 42: g. 10-Meter Identification. The gri
Page 43 and 44: south to north. To designate any on
Page 45 and 46: c. The situation may arise when a m
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-3. Transferring map distan
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5-5. Measuring a curved line
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5-7. Reading the extension s
Page 53 and 54: about 30 inches long. To accurately
Page 55 and 56: Factors AffectingRange EstimationTh
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Figure 6-1. Three norths.b. Magneti
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Figure 6-4. Measuring an azimuth.WA
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. When using the protractor, the ba
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azimuth to grid azimuth; the other,
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azimuth (Figure 6-12).Figure 6-12.
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Intersection is the location of an
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Figure 6-18. Resection with map and
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Figure 6-20. Modified resection.6-1
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(2) If you have observed any topogr
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(6) Map Reference. Reference is mad
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(3) The shape of the ground area co
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Figure 8-4. Low oblique photograph.
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Figure 8-7. Relationship of cameras
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8-5. SCALE DETERMINATIONBefore a ph
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square or rectangle. After the four
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. If no map is available, the shado
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Figure 8-17. Constructing a point d
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Figure 8-19. Locating the grid coor
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Figure 8-21. Side lap.b. The requir
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Figure 8-24. Placement of stereosco
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(2) Encasing the floating dial is a
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c. Presetting a Compass and Followi
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9-5. FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODSFigure
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this, make a shadow clock and set y
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9-6. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMFigur
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CHAPTER 10ELEVATION AND RELIEFThe e
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contour line numbered 600. Locate p
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Figure 10-7. Uniform, steep slope.c
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Figure 10-11. Contour line around a
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Figure 10-15. Gradient.10-6. TERRAI
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Figure 10-19. Valley.(4) Ridge. A r
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Figure 10-24A. Cliff.Figure 10-24B.
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(3) To the south lies a valley; the
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Figure 10-28. Connecting points.(2)
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Figure 10-31. Drawing a hasty profi
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Figure 11-1. Map oriented with 11 d
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Figure 11-4. Map oriented with 10 d
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The key to success in land navigati
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(3) To The South. The terrain gentl
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concealment from enemy observation.
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compare the evidence you encounter
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(10) Because no one can move along
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ecommended. The point man is in fro
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Figure 12-1. Tracked vehicle capabi
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c. Use Terrain Features as Checkpoi
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(7) The distance factor in dead rec
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Table 13-1. Major desert regions.(1
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Mountains are generally understood
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Figure 13-3. Jungles and savannas.a
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trafficability, a deep accumulation
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CHAPTER 14UNIT SUSTAINMENTLand navi
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This sequence can be used to develo
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c. Area Sketches. These sketches in
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Figure B-2. How to slit and fold a
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1 degree = 1/360 circle = about 17.
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APPENDIX DJOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
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APPENDIX FORIENTEERINGWhat is orien
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Figure F-2. A cross-country oriente
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(usually at one-minute intervals) t
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Figure F-5. Recorder's sheet.g. Eve
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F-8. CONTROL POINT GUIDELINESWhen t
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Figure F-9. Map symbols (continued)
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F-10. ORIENTEERING TECHNIQUESFigure
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APPENDIX GM2 COMPASSThe M2 compass
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL AIDSThis appen
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H-6. GROUND-VEHICULAR LASER LOCATOR
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Step 3. Look at the composition. To
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J-5. COMPATABILITYAll GPS receivers
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• Signal intelligence.• Electro
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Figure K-4. Setup the units.d. The
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Figure K--10. Enter a way point.c.
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Figure K--14. Azimuth.d. The third
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GSRGTAG/VLLDground surveillance rad
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VNASvehicular navigation aids syste
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FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)20 JULY 2001By
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FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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