FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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Figure 4-13. Columbus map, southwest corner.(2) Grid Squares. The north-south and east-west grid lines intersect at 90° , forming grid squares.Normally, the size of one of these grid squares on large-scale maps is 1,000 meters (1 kilometer).(3) Grid Coordinate Scales. The primary tool for plotting grid coordinates is the grid coordinate scale.The grid coordinate scale divides the grid square more accurately than can be done by estimation, and theresults are more consistent. When used correctly, it presents less chance for making errors. GTA 5-2-12,1981, contains four types of coordinate scales (Figure 4-14).
Figure 4-14. Coordinate scales.(a) The 1:25,000/1:250,000 (lower right in figure) can be used in two different scale maps,1:25,000 or 1:250,000. The 1:25,000 scale subdivides the 1,000-meter grid block into 10 majorsubdivisions, each equal to 100 meters. Each 100-meter block has five graduations, each equal to 20meters. Points falling between the two graduations can be read accurately by the use of estimation.These values are the fourth and eighth digits of the coordinates. Likewise, the 1:250,000 scale issubdivided in 10 major subdivisions, each equal to 1,000 meters. Each 1,000-meter block has fivegraduations, each equal to 200 meters. Points falling between two graduations can be readapproximately by the use of estimation.(b) The 1:50,000 scale (upper left in Figure 4-14) subdivides the 1,000-meter block into 10 majorsubdivisions, each equal to 100 meters. Each 100-meter block is then divided in half. Points fallingbetween the graduations must be estimated to the nearest 10 meters for the fourth and eighth digitsof the coordinates.(c) The 1:100,000 scale (lower left in Figure 4-14) subdivides the 1,000-meter grid block into fivemajor subdivisions of 200 meters each. Each 200-meter block is then divided in half at 100-meterintervals.4-5. LOCATE A POINT USING GRID COORDINATESBased on the military principle for reading maps (RIGHT and UP), locations on the map can be determined by gridcoordinates. The number of digits represents the degree of precision to which a point has been located and measuredon a map— the more digits the more precise the measurement.a. Without a Coordinate Scale. Determine grids without a coordinate scale by referring to the north-southgrid lines numbered at the bottom margin of any map. Then read RIGHT to the north-south grid line thatprecedes the desired point (this first set of two digits is the RIGHT reading). Then by referring to the east-west
Page 1 and 2: *FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)Field ManualN
Page 3 and 4: Chapter7OVERLAYSPurposeMap OverlayA
Page 5 and 6: AAppendixBMAP FOLDING TECHNIQUESApp
Page 7 and 8: PART ONEMAP READINGCHAPTER 1TRAININ
Page 9 and 10: CHAPTER 2MAPSCartography is the art
Page 11 and 12: mission may depend on that map. All
Page 13 and 14: Figure 2-2. Joint operations graphi
Page 15 and 16: 2-8. STANDARDS OF ACCURACYAccuracy
Page 17 and 18: ectangle that represents the sheet
Page 19 and 20: Figure 3-1. Topographical map.3-2.
Page 21 and 22: shown in brown, rivers and lakes in
Page 23 and 24: Figure 4-2. Reference lines.c. Geog
Page 25 and 26: Figure 4-4. Determining latitude.(6
Page 27 and 28: Figure 4-6. Determining geographic
Page 29 and 30: • 5,125 x 300 = 1,537,500• 1,53
Page 31 and 32: Figure 4-9. False eastings and nort
Page 33: (1) Grid Lines. The regularly space
Page 37 and 38: Figure 4-16. Placing a coordinate s
Page 39 and 40: locations. With practice, this can
Page 41 and 42: g. 10-Meter Identification. The gri
Page 43 and 44: south to north. To designate any on
Page 45 and 46: c. The situation may arise when a m
Page 47 and 48: Figure 5-3. Transferring map distan
Page 49 and 50: Figure 5-5. Measuring a curved line
Page 51 and 52: Figure 5-7. Reading the extension s
Page 53 and 54: about 30 inches long. To accurately
Page 55 and 56: Factors AffectingRange EstimationTh
Page 57 and 58: Figure 6-1. Three norths.b. Magneti
Page 59 and 60: Figure 6-4. Measuring an azimuth.WA
Page 61 and 62: . When using the protractor, the ba
Page 63 and 64: azimuth to grid azimuth; the other,
Page 65 and 66: azimuth (Figure 6-12).Figure 6-12.
Page 67 and 68: Intersection is the location of an
Page 69 and 70: Figure 6-18. Resection with map and
Page 71 and 72: Figure 6-20. Modified resection.6-1
Page 73 and 74: (2) If you have observed any topogr
Page 75 and 76: (6) Map Reference. Reference is mad
Page 77 and 78: (3) The shape of the ground area co
Page 79 and 80: Figure 8-4. Low oblique photograph.
Page 81 and 82: Figure 8-7. Relationship of cameras
Page 83 and 84: 8-5. SCALE DETERMINATIONBefore a ph
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square or rectangle. After the four
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. If no map is available, the shado
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Figure 8-17. Constructing a point d
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Figure 8-19. Locating the grid coor
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Figure 8-21. Side lap.b. The requir
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Figure 8-24. Placement of stereosco
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(2) Encasing the floating dial is a
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c. Presetting a Compass and Followi
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9-5. FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODSFigure
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this, make a shadow clock and set y
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9-6. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEMFigur
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CHAPTER 10ELEVATION AND RELIEFThe e
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contour line numbered 600. Locate p
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Figure 10-7. Uniform, steep slope.c
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Figure 10-11. Contour line around a
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Figure 10-15. Gradient.10-6. TERRAI
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Figure 10-19. Valley.(4) Ridge. A r
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Figure 10-24A. Cliff.Figure 10-24B.
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(3) To the south lies a valley; the
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Figure 10-28. Connecting points.(2)
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Figure 10-31. Drawing a hasty profi
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Figure 11-1. Map oriented with 11 d
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Figure 11-4. Map oriented with 10 d
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The key to success in land navigati
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(3) To The South. The terrain gentl
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concealment from enemy observation.
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compare the evidence you encounter
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(10) Because no one can move along
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ecommended. The point man is in fro
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Figure 12-1. Tracked vehicle capabi
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c. Use Terrain Features as Checkpoi
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(7) The distance factor in dead rec
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Table 13-1. Major desert regions.(1
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Mountains are generally understood
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Figure 13-3. Jungles and savannas.a
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trafficability, a deep accumulation
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CHAPTER 14UNIT SUSTAINMENTLand navi
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This sequence can be used to develo
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c. Area Sketches. These sketches in
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Figure B-2. How to slit and fold a
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1 degree = 1/360 circle = about 17.
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APPENDIX DJOINT OPERATIONS GRAPHICS
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APPENDIX FORIENTEERINGWhat is orien
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Figure F-2. A cross-country oriente
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(usually at one-minute intervals) t
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Figure F-5. Recorder's sheet.g. Eve
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F-8. CONTROL POINT GUIDELINESWhen t
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Figure F-9. Map symbols (continued)
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F-10. ORIENTEERING TECHNIQUESFigure
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APPENDIX GM2 COMPASSThe M2 compass
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APPENDIX HADDITIONAL AIDSThis appen
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H-6. GROUND-VEHICULAR LASER LOCATOR
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Step 3. Look at the composition. To
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J-5. COMPATABILITYAll GPS receivers
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• Signal intelligence.• Electro
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Figure K-4. Setup the units.d. The
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Figure K--10. Enter a way point.c.
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Figure K--14. Azimuth.d. The third
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GSRGTAG/VLLDground surveillance rad
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VNASvehicular navigation aids syste
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FM 3-25.26 (FM 21-26)20 JULY 2001By
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FM 3-25.26 MAP READING AND LAND NAVIGATION

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