Blueprint of life - Millennium

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Gill Sans Boldc) As new synthetic antibiotics have been developed, populations ofnew drug-resistant bacteria have been identified. How does anunderstanding of how new genes are formed help you to explain whynew kinds of bacteria have evolved?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 4.8: Punctuated equilibriuma) Describe the concept of punctuated equilibrium in evolution.___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________b) How is punctuated equilibrium different from a gradual evolutionarymodel?___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Part 4: How genes operate 49
c) Give a named example of a classification system that has changedbecause of a change in technology. What was the technology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Exercise 4.9: Where to from here, oh mighty genie?In this module, you have learnt about how sexual reproduction increasesthe genetic variety of organisms, and variety is needed for evolution tooccur in changing environmental conditions.If sexual reproduction is so valuable, how would you explain theevolution of highly successful asexual organisms, such as bacteria?__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________50 Blueprint of life
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Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
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ContentsModule overviewOutcomes ...
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Module overviewDNA is often called
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IconsThe following icons are used w
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genotypegill slitshaploidheterozygo
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IntroductionPopular culture often d
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In this part you will have the oppo
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Whichever way the environment chang
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3 A number of scenarios to do with
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An open-ended investigation of natu
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On green backgroundOn neutral backg
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Evidence for evolutionFor any real
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The fossil records have revealed a
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ProcedureThe span of the cheek teet
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1 Why can’t you join two or three
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Are all the relationships proposed
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However, this view of evolution is
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N3323NearcticPalaearcticOrientalNeo
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Biogeographic distributionsThere ar
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Vestigial structuresThose structure
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BiochemistryThe building blocks of
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By the middle and toward the end of
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mammalreptilefishThe diagrams above
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The evolution of evolutionA require
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40 Blueprint of life
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ecame abundant, evolving to take ad
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Case study 2: Southern Antarctic Be
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)A Swedi
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Charles D
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Example 2: A view of a nineteenth c
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3 a) Adaptations for an area drying
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Your answers for the following ques
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Exercise 1.2: An open-ended investi
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Exercise 1.5: Comparative anatomya)
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) Compare the structure of the pent
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Exercise 1.7: The evolution of evol
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IntroductionThe idea that offspring
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Gregor Mendel andhis workIt require
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Dominant and recessive traitsMendel
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Mendel’s conclusionsFrom his inve
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Here is a diagram to represent this
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Another exampleThe diagram below re
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Another reason for the absence of a
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• crossing a pure breeding recess
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Genotype and phenotypeIn Mendel’s
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Use Punnett squares to solve the fo
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Investigatinghuman variationYou hav
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DiscussionCompare your features wit
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4 Repeat step 2 for the next genera
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Using a pedigree to investigatea tr
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Using a pedigree to makepredictions
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Dominant traits can get a bit trick
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The disadvantages of hybridisation
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3 Yes, the ratios for traits in all
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2+BBbBbBbbBbBbThe person will be br
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3 a) Both parents must be heterozyg
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) Mendel’s research was not recog
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Exercise 2.3: Mr Punnett and his sq
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Exercise 2.4: Using a pedigree to m
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2 Blueprint of life
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Hopefully you started growing your
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Sutton and BoveriRead the following
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Here are three homologous pairs of
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If you matched all the pairs of hum
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1 Compare the body cell and gamete.
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The duplication of chromosomesChrom
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The final separation of chromosomes
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Increasing variation - crossing ove
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ororThe possible gametes are shown
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You should now have a pair of pipe
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In the next step, the duplicated ch
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Modelling crossing overNow repeat t
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Take the challenge!Earlier in this
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When sex cellscombineYou have seen
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3 Predict the likelihood of genes A
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+Y_________________________________
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uncommon for both X chromosomes tha
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parentsF12childrenF 13 45 6 7 8 9gr
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A good example of incomplete domina
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Human heightOne of the impressive a
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ResultsPlant Height (cm) control gr
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Gamete template48 Blueprint of life
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Gamete template52 Blueprint of life
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Morgan and his investigations of Dr
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The final separation of chromosomes
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) Half of the children will be girl
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Exercise 3.2: Take the challenge!a)
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Exercise 3.3: Sex leads to varietya
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RrRRrrRr RrIs this trait co-dominan
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Page 197 and 198: IntroductionPeople once explained t
Page 199 and 200: 4 Blueprint of life
Page 201 and 202: The main people responsible for the
Page 203 and 204: The structure of DNADNA is a chemic
Page 205 and 206: The transmissionof genesDNA is the
Page 213 and 214: The ‘one gene - one enzyme’ the
Page 215 and 216: There are also two types of RNA, ea
Page 217 and 218: Translation occurs on organelles in
Page 219 and 220: The genetic code for amino acidsThe
Page 221 and 222: What is the role of DNA?Hopefully,
Page 223 and 224: always work. Changes to DNA can be
Page 225 and 226: 2 Why can mutations lead to new all
Page 227 and 228: environment. That feeling is now re
Page 229 and 230: acteria multiply very quickly and a
Page 231 and 232: The fossil record contains many lar
Page 233 and 234: suggesting that chimpanzees should
Page 235 and 236: sugarnitrogen basephosphateA nucleo
Page 237 and 238: TranscriptionDNAUAA C T G G AU AG C
Page 239 and 240: Exercise 4.2: DNA duplicationa) As
Page 241 and 242: Exercise 4.4: Polypeptide productio
Page 243: Exercise 4.6: Sickle cell anaemiaSi
Page 248 and 249: Gill Sans BoldContentsIntroduction
Page 250 and 251: Gill Sans BoldIntroductionIf you ar
Page 252 and 253: Gill Sans BoldArtificial selectionT
Page 254 and 255: Gill Sans BoldHuman reproductive te
Page 256 and 257: Gill Sans BoldArtificial pollinatio
Page 258 and 259: Gill Sans Bold1donordonor cellA bod
Page 260 and 261: Gill Sans BoldTransgenic speciesDur
Page 262 and 263: Gill Sans BoldWhen a gene that prod
Page 264 and 265: Gill Sans BoldBt cottonBt cotton ha
Page 266 and 267: Gill Sans BoldGenetics and ethicsSc
Page 268 and 269: Gill Sans BoldGM products and label
Page 270 and 271: Gill Sans BoldAdditional resourcesT
Page 272 and 273: Gill Sans BoldAt present, the cotto
Page 274 and 275: Gill Sans BoldSuggested answersArti
Page 276 and 277: Gill Sans BoldExercises - Part 5Exe
Page 278 and 279: Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.2: Transge
Page 280 and 281: Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.3: Genetic
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Gene Technology Information Service
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IntroductionAt this stage you shoul
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Check your skillsHow confident are
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Test your skillsTest your skills by
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6 The following base sequence of DN
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12 Describe how amino acids, polype
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c) Would you expect all populations
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21 Histones are proteins that are e
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24 In pea pods, some pods are green
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Notice that blood groups A and B ca
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The marking guidelines for the ques
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The standard that you need to achie
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DNAA copy of part of a DNA code ist
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d) Crossing over results in a great
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a) competition for resources.______
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Part 2 - Patterns of inheritance1 O
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3 Explain the role of gamete format
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2 Outline, using a simple model, th
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6 Explain how an understanding of t
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Student evaluation of the moduleNam
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