Blueprint of life - Millennium

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Are all the relationships proposed by your graph the same as therelationships proposed in the figure you have just studied? Consider anysimilarities or differences then answer the questions below.Conclusion7 What was the approximate average change in cheek teeth span permillion years from Hyracotherium to Miohippus?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________8 What was the approximate average change in cheek teeth span permillion years from Miohippus to Equus?____________________________________________________________________________________________________________9 From these results, what generalisation can be made about the rate ofevolution of horses? (This may serve as an indication of the rates ofevolution one might find in other organisms.)______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10 There are countless millions of fossils in sedimentary rocksthroughout the world. Yet the history of life on Earth is still veryincompletely known. List as many reasons as you can why thisis so.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Check all your answers.22 Blueprint of life
Gill Sans BoldTransitional formsThe example you have just examined of the evolution of the horse is wellstudied because there is an abundance of fossil material.Palaeontologists have been able to describe the relationships betweenthese fossils because the links between one form and another have beenfound. The ancestral tree of 60 million years of horse evolution shows agradual development from one genera to the next while giving rise toother groups.However most fossil records tracing the ancestors of groups of organismsare not as complete as the horse. With no fossils showing featuresintermediate between two forms that are believed to be linked, scientistshave a hard time explaining natural selection.You may have seen newspaper headlines like:Scientists find fossil believed to be the missing link!These refer to the discovery of human fossils believed to show ourknowledge of human evolution. Intermediate forms or links are calledtransitional forms.Transitional fossilsA transitional fossil is the fossil of a transitional form. A transitionalform, as traditionally used, meant an organism halfway between twoclasses or kinds of organisms. Archaeopteryx is often used as anexample of an intermediate form between a reptile and bird.Archaeopteryx was once believed to be an intermediate form between reptileand bird.Part 1: Evolution 23
Page 1 and 2: Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
Page 3 and 4: ContentsModule overviewOutcomes ...
Page 5 and 6: Module overviewDNA is often called
Page 7 and 8: IconsThe following icons are used w
Page 9 and 10: genotypegill slitshaploidheterozygo
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Page 14 and 15: IntroductionPopular culture often d
Page 16 and 17: In this part you will have the oppo
Page 18 and 19: Whichever way the environment chang
Page 20 and 21: 3 A number of scenarios to do with
Page 22 and 23: An open-ended investigation of natu
Page 24 and 25: On green backgroundOn neutral backg
Page 26 and 27: Evidence for evolutionFor any real
Page 28 and 29: The fossil records have revealed a
Page 30 and 31: ProcedureThe span of the cheek teet
Page 32 and 33: 1 Why can’t you join two or three
Page 36 and 37: However, this view of evolution is
Page 38 and 39: N3323NearcticPalaearcticOrientalNeo
Page 40 and 41: Biogeographic distributionsThere ar
Page 42 and 43: Vestigial structuresThose structure
Page 44 and 45: BiochemistryThe building blocks of
Page 46 and 47: By the middle and toward the end of
Page 48 and 49: mammalreptilefishThe diagrams above
Page 50 and 51: The evolution of evolutionA require
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Page 54 and 55: ecame abundant, evolving to take ad
Page 56 and 57: Case study 2: Southern Antarctic Be
Page 58 and 59: Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)A Swedi
Page 60 and 61: Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Charles D
Page 62 and 63: Example 2: A view of a nineteenth c
Page 64 and 65: 3 a) Adaptations for an area drying
Page 66 and 67: Your answers for the following ques
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Page 70 and 71: Exercise 1.2: An open-ended investi
Page 72 and 73: Exercise 1.5: Comparative anatomya)
Page 74 and 75: ) Compare the structure of the pent
Page 76 and 77: Exercise 1.7: The evolution of evol
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Page 81 and 82: IntroductionThe idea that offspring
Page 83 and 84: Gregor Mendel andhis workIt require
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Dominant and recessive traitsMendel
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Mendel’s conclusionsFrom his inve
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Here is a diagram to represent this
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Another exampleThe diagram below re
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Another reason for the absence of a
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• crossing a pure breeding recess
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Genotype and phenotypeIn Mendel’s
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Use Punnett squares to solve the fo
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Investigatinghuman variationYou hav
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DiscussionCompare your features wit
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4 Repeat step 2 for the next genera
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Using a pedigree to investigatea tr
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Using a pedigree to makepredictions
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Dominant traits can get a bit trick
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The disadvantages of hybridisation
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3 Yes, the ratios for traits in all
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2+BBbBbBbbBbBbThe person will be br
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3 a) Both parents must be heterozyg
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) Mendel’s research was not recog
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Exercise 2.3: Mr Punnett and his sq
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Exercise 2.4: Using a pedigree to m
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Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
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2 Blueprint of life
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Hopefully you started growing your
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Sutton and BoveriRead the following
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Here are three homologous pairs of
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If you matched all the pairs of hum
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1 Compare the body cell and gamete.
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The duplication of chromosomesChrom
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The final separation of chromosomes
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Increasing variation - crossing ove
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ororThe possible gametes are shown
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You should now have a pair of pipe
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In the next step, the duplicated ch
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Modelling crossing overNow repeat t
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Take the challenge!Earlier in this
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When sex cellscombineYou have seen
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3 Predict the likelihood of genes A
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+Y_________________________________
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uncommon for both X chromosomes tha
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parentsF12childrenF 13 45 6 7 8 9gr
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A good example of incomplete domina
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Human heightOne of the impressive a
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ResultsPlant Height (cm) control gr
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46 Blueprint of life
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Gamete template48 Blueprint of life
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Gamete template52 Blueprint of life
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Morgan and his investigations of Dr
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The final separation of chromosomes
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) Half of the children will be girl
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Exercise 3.2: Take the challenge!a)
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Exercise 3.3: Sex leads to varietya
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RrRRrrRr RrIs this trait co-dominan
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IntroductionPeople once explained t
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4 Blueprint of life
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The main people responsible for the
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The structure of DNADNA is a chemic
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The transmissionof genesDNA is the
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The ‘one gene - one enzyme’ the
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There are also two types of RNA, ea
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Translation occurs on organelles in
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The genetic code for amino acidsThe
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What is the role of DNA?Hopefully,
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always work. Changes to DNA can be
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2 Why can mutations lead to new all
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environment. That feeling is now re
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acteria multiply very quickly and a
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The fossil record contains many lar
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suggesting that chimpanzees should
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sugarnitrogen basephosphateA nucleo
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TranscriptionDNAUAA C T G G AU AG C
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Exercise 4.2: DNA duplicationa) As
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Exercise 4.4: Polypeptide productio
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Exercise 4.6: Sickle cell anaemiaSi
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c) Give a named example of a classi
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Gill Sans BoldContentsIntroduction
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Gill Sans BoldIntroductionIf you ar
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Gill Sans BoldArtificial selectionT
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Gill Sans BoldHuman reproductive te
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Gill Sans BoldArtificial pollinatio
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Gill Sans Bold1donordonor cellA bod
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Gill Sans BoldTransgenic speciesDur
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Gill Sans BoldWhen a gene that prod
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Gill Sans BoldBt cottonBt cotton ha
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Gill Sans BoldGenetics and ethicsSc
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Gill Sans BoldGM products and label
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Gill Sans BoldAdditional resourcesT
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Gill Sans BoldAt present, the cotto
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Gill Sans BoldSuggested answersArti
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Gill Sans BoldExercises - Part 5Exe
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Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.2: Transge
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Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.3: Genetic
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Gene Technology Information Service
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IntroductionAt this stage you shoul
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Check your skillsHow confident are
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Test your skillsTest your skills by
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6 The following base sequence of DN
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12 Describe how amino acids, polype
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c) Would you expect all populations
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21 Histones are proteins that are e
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24 In pea pods, some pods are green
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Notice that blood groups A and B ca
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The marking guidelines for the ques
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The standard that you need to achie
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DNAA copy of part of a DNA code ist
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d) Crossing over results in a great
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a) competition for resources.______
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Part 2 - Patterns of inheritance1 O
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3 Explain the role of gamete format
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2 Outline, using a simple model, th
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6 Explain how an understanding of t
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Student evaluation of the moduleNam
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Blueprint of life - Millennium

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