Blueprint of life - Millennium

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Number: 43205Title: Blueprint of lifeThis publication is copyright New South Wales Department of Education and Training (DET), however it may containmaterial from other sources which is not owned by DET. We would like to acknowledge the following people andorganisations whose material has been used:Photograph of dinosaur courtesy Rhonda Caddy Part 1 p 15Diagrams of stages of vertebrate development, from Messel, H (Chair) (1964)Science for high school students, University of SydneyDiagrams of kangaroo bones, from Flannery, T (1984) Vertebrate zoogeography andevolution in Australia - Section 6.9 Kangaroos: 15 Million Years of AustralianBounders, Hesperia PressDrawing of Galapagos finches, from The web of life (1981), Australian Academy ofScience.Part 1 pp 30, 31Part 1 pp 42-43Part 1 p 35Photograph of triticale, courtesy of Julie Haeusler Part 2 p 33Article entitled Thailand: government passes up pest free cotton, found athttp://eagle.westnet.gr/~cgian/thaicott.htm (2001)Article, human-pig embryo accusation provokes debate, found atwww.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/s196491.htm (2000)Arguments for and against genetic modification, Gene Technology InformationService (2000), Biotechnology Australia, The University of Melbourne.Part 5 pp 23-25Part 5 pp 25-26Part 5 p 35COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIACopyright Regulations 1969WARNINGThis material has been reproduced and communicated to you on behalf of theNew South Wales Department of Education and Training(Centre for Learning Innovation)pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act).The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act.Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be thesubject of copyright protection under the Act.All reasonable efforts have been made to obtain copyright permissions. All claims will be settled in good faith.Published byCentre for Learning Innovation (CLI)51 Wentworth RdStrathfield NSW 2135________________________________________________________________________________________________Copyright of this material is reserved to the Crown in the right of the State of New South Wales. Reproduction ortransmittal in whole, or in part, other than in accordance with provisions of the Copyright Act, is prohibited without thewritten authority of the Centre for Learning Innovation (CLI).© State of New South Wales, Department of Education and Training 2008.
ContentsModule overviewOutcomes ............................................................................................ iiiIndicative time...................................................................................... ivResources............................................................................................ ivIcons .....................................................................................................vGlossary............................................................................................... viPart 1: Evolution..................................................................1–65Part 2: Patterns of inheritance.............................................1–47Part 3: Chromosomes .......................................................1–63Part 4: How genes operate .................................................1–50Part 5: Playing with nature ..................................................1–34Part 6: What have you learnt?.............................................1–37Module evaluationIntroductioni
Page 1: Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
Page 5 and 6: Module overviewDNA is often called
Page 7 and 8: IconsThe following icons are used w
Page 9 and 10: genotypegill slitshaploidheterozygo
Page 11: Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
Page 14 and 15: IntroductionPopular culture often d
Page 16 and 17: In this part you will have the oppo
Page 18 and 19: Whichever way the environment chang
Page 20 and 21: 3 A number of scenarios to do with
Page 22 and 23: An open-ended investigation of natu
Page 24 and 25: On green backgroundOn neutral backg
Page 26 and 27: Evidence for evolutionFor any real
Page 28 and 29: The fossil records have revealed a
Page 30 and 31: ProcedureThe span of the cheek teet
Page 32 and 33: 1 Why can’t you join two or three
Page 34 and 35: Are all the relationships proposed
Page 36 and 37: However, this view of evolution is
Page 38 and 39: N3323NearcticPalaearcticOrientalNeo
Page 40 and 41: Biogeographic distributionsThere ar
Page 42 and 43: Vestigial structuresThose structure
Page 44 and 45: BiochemistryThe building blocks of
Page 46 and 47: By the middle and toward the end of
Page 48 and 49: mammalreptilefishThe diagrams above
Page 50 and 51: The evolution of evolutionA require
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40 Blueprint of life
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ecame abundant, evolving to take ad
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Case study 2: Southern Antarctic Be
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Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)A Swedi
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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)Charles D
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Example 2: A view of a nineteenth c
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3 a) Adaptations for an area drying
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Your answers for the following ques
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Exercise 1.2: An open-ended investi
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Exercise 1.5: Comparative anatomya)
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) Compare the structure of the pent
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Exercise 1.7: The evolution of evol
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Gill Sans BoldBiologyHSC CourseStag
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IntroductionThe idea that offspring
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Gregor Mendel andhis workIt require
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Dominant and recessive traitsMendel
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Mendel’s conclusionsFrom his inve
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Here is a diagram to represent this
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Another exampleThe diagram below re
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Another reason for the absence of a
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• crossing a pure breeding recess
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Genotype and phenotypeIn Mendel’s
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Use Punnett squares to solve the fo
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Investigatinghuman variationYou hav
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DiscussionCompare your features wit
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4 Repeat step 2 for the next genera
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Using a pedigree to investigatea tr
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Using a pedigree to makepredictions
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Dominant traits can get a bit trick
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The disadvantages of hybridisation
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3 Yes, the ratios for traits in all
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2+BBbBbBbbBbBbThe person will be br
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3 a) Both parents must be heterozyg
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) Mendel’s research was not recog
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Exercise 2.3: Mr Punnett and his sq
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Exercise 2.4: Using a pedigree to m
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2 Blueprint of life
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Hopefully you started growing your
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Sutton and BoveriRead the following
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Here are three homologous pairs of
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If you matched all the pairs of hum
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1 Compare the body cell and gamete.
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The duplication of chromosomesChrom
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The final separation of chromosomes
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Increasing variation - crossing ove
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ororThe possible gametes are shown
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You should now have a pair of pipe
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In the next step, the duplicated ch
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Modelling crossing overNow repeat t
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Take the challenge!Earlier in this
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When sex cellscombineYou have seen
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3 Predict the likelihood of genes A
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+Y_________________________________
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uncommon for both X chromosomes tha
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parentsF12childrenF 13 45 6 7 8 9gr
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A good example of incomplete domina
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Human heightOne of the impressive a
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ResultsPlant Height (cm) control gr
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Gamete template48 Blueprint of life
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Gamete template52 Blueprint of life
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Morgan and his investigations of Dr
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The final separation of chromosomes
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) Half of the children will be girl
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Exercise 3.2: Take the challenge!a)
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Exercise 3.3: Sex leads to varietya
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RrRRrrRr RrIs this trait co-dominan
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IntroductionPeople once explained t
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4 Blueprint of life
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The main people responsible for the
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The structure of DNADNA is a chemic
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The transmissionof genesDNA is the
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The ‘one gene - one enzyme’ the
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There are also two types of RNA, ea
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Translation occurs on organelles in
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The genetic code for amino acidsThe
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What is the role of DNA?Hopefully,
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always work. Changes to DNA can be
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2 Why can mutations lead to new all
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environment. That feeling is now re
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acteria multiply very quickly and a
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The fossil record contains many lar
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suggesting that chimpanzees should
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sugarnitrogen basephosphateA nucleo
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TranscriptionDNAUAA C T G G AU AG C
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Exercise 4.2: DNA duplicationa) As
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Exercise 4.4: Polypeptide productio
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Exercise 4.6: Sickle cell anaemiaSi
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c) Give a named example of a classi
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Gill Sans BoldContentsIntroduction
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Gill Sans BoldIntroductionIf you ar
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Gill Sans BoldArtificial selectionT
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Gill Sans BoldHuman reproductive te
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Gill Sans BoldArtificial pollinatio
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Gill Sans Bold1donordonor cellA bod
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Gill Sans BoldTransgenic speciesDur
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Gill Sans BoldWhen a gene that prod
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Gill Sans BoldBt cottonBt cotton ha
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Gill Sans BoldGenetics and ethicsSc
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Gill Sans BoldGM products and label
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Gill Sans BoldAdditional resourcesT
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Gill Sans BoldAt present, the cotto
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Gill Sans BoldSuggested answersArti
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Gill Sans BoldExercises - Part 5Exe
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Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.2: Transge
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Gill Sans BoldExercise 5.3: Genetic
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Gene Technology Information Service
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IntroductionAt this stage you shoul
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Check your skillsHow confident are
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Test your skillsTest your skills by
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6 The following base sequence of DN
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12 Describe how amino acids, polype
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c) Would you expect all populations
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21 Histones are proteins that are e
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24 In pea pods, some pods are green
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Notice that blood groups A and B ca
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The marking guidelines for the ques
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The standard that you need to achie
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DNAA copy of part of a DNA code ist
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d) Crossing over results in a great
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a) competition for resources.______
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Part 2 - Patterns of inheritance1 O
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3 Explain the role of gamete format
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2 Outline, using a simple model, th
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6 Explain how an understanding of t
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Student evaluation of the moduleNam
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Blueprint of life - Millennium

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