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SERIALNO.LIST OFTABLESPageI Membersof Flaviviridae 52 The ecological zones in Nigeria where sera were obtained 583 Serum samples collected at different seasons of theyear from Sahel savanna zone (Maiduguri), Nigeria 604 The mosquito vector and the ecological zoneswhere they were caught 705 Oligonucleotide primers used to amplifyand type dengue viruses 806 Oligonucleotide primers used to amplifyand type WNV 847 The chessboard titration for DENI-4 against thecorresponding hyperimmune mouse ascitic l1uid 878 Titration of DEN 1-4 by IgM capture ELlSA 899 Distribution oflgM and IgG antibodies againstdengue viruses in Nigeria 9210 Dengue virus infections in different ecologicalzones in Nigeria 9311 Seasonal distribution ofdengue virus infections inSahel savannazone 9612 Monthly distribution ofdengue IgM positive sera 9813 Age distribution ofpatients with IgM to dengue viruses lOO14 Gender distribution ofpatients with IgM to DEN viruses 102IS The Prevalence ofDEN IgG antibodies according to zones 10416 Seasonal distribution ofDEN IgG antibodies 10617 The prevalenceofWNV IgM antibodies in patients with fever 10818 Seasonal pattern ofWNV IgM in patients with fever I1119 Monthly distribution ofWNV IgM antibodies 11320 Age distribution ofWNV IgM positive patients lIS21 Gender distribution of WNV IgM positive patients 11722 The prevalenceofWNV IgG according to seasons 11923 The prevalenceofYellow Fever IgGaccording to seasons 122XVI
24 A table showing the level ofcross reactivitybetween DEN, WNV, and YFV by IgM ELISA 12525 Dilution od DEN positive IgM todetermine the infecting DEN serotype 12826 The summary ofRT-PCR on Aedes species 13327 T-PCR with DEN IgM positive sera 13428 Comparison ofRT-PCR with WNV IgM positive sera 140XVII
Page 2 and 3: UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN., THIS DISSERT
Page 4 and 5: DEDICATIONThis thesis is dedicated
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to expre
Page 8 and 9: Prof. 0 Tomori, the staff of WHO na
Page 10 and 11: KFDKUNLIMAC-ELISAMHCmRNAMAFMVENANKV
Page 12 and 13: Title of DissertationTABLE OF CONTE
Page 15 and 16: 3.4.6 Enzyme immuno assay for the d
Page 17: xv4.3.3 Gender distribution of pati
Page 21 and 22: ABSTRACTDengue viruses (DENs) and W
Page 23 and 24: 1.1 INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER ONEArboviru
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER TWO2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 1: MEMBERS OF THE FLAVIVIRIDA
Page 29 and 30: approximately 1O.5kb. Virions conta
Page 31 and 32: precludes infection by the oral rou
Page 33 and 34: extracellular virions respectively.
Page 35 and 36: complex- specific and group- reacti
Page 37 and 38: cleavage at the NS1/2A site, but th
Page 39 and 40: dispersal of Flaviviruses could be
Page 41 and 42: threshold. The time interval betwee
Page 43 and 44: that, in susceptible vertebrate cel
Page 45 and 46: 2.3.1RECOMBINATION OF GENETIC MATER
Page 47 and 48: ., by capillary leakage, thrombocyt
Page 49 and 50: v »infected cells. Also, lysis or
Page 51 and 52: its first major epidemic of dengue
Page 53 and 54: sporadic outbreaks (CDC, 2001). In
Page 55 and 56: genotype 111, which had been presen
Page 57 and 58: immune responses by eliciting neutr
Page 59 and 60: hydrophilicity and antigenicity. Ho
Page 61 and 62: 392.3.9 HOST GENETIC FACTORS THAT M
Page 63 and 64: 2.3.12 TREATMENT OF DENGUE VIRUS IN
Page 65 and 66: heterogeneity among strains isolate
Page 67 and 68: 45Dogs are susceptible to infection
Page 69 and 70:
48where 22% of children and 61% of
Page 71 and 72:
Experimental inoculation of pregnan
Page 73 and 74:
sonicated prior to inoculation. The
Page 75 and 76:
encoding the prM and E proteins wit
Page 77 and 78:
56template yields full-length messe
Page 79 and 80:
58TABLE 2: THE ECOLOGICAL ZONES IN
Page 81 and 82:
3.3 SERUM SAMPLES COLLECTION:About
Page 83 and 84:
3.4 SEROLOGYThe IgM capture ELlSA (
Page 85 and 86:
aliquoted in lml amount in cryovial
Page 87 and 88:
covered and incubated overnight at
Page 89 and 90:
3.4.5.2 DILUTION METHODOne of these
Page 91 and 92:
environment. Aedes aegypti has been
Page 93 and 94:
3.5.5 VIRUS ISOLATION FROM FIELD-CA
Page 95 and 96:
color was obtained. Flask that beca
Page 97 and 98:
a) The extraction of RNA from the c
Page 99 and 100:
3.6.2.3.3 Mixture of reactants for
Page 101 and 102:
Condition of amplification:I Cycle
Page 103 and 104:
3.6.3 REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTION POLYMER
Page 105 and 106:
833.6.3.3 The procedure of RT-PCR f
Page 107 and 108:
3.6.4 IDENTIFICATION OF AMPLIFICATI
Page 109 and 110:
"r~-TABLE 7: TITRATION or ANTIGEN A
Page 111 and 112:
TABLE 8: TITRATION OF ANTIGEN AND M
Page 113 and 114:
4.2 PATTER."I OF DENGUE VIRUS INFEC
Page 115 and 116:
TABLE 10: DENGUE VIRUS INFECTIONS I
Page 117 and 118:
4.2.2 SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION OF DENG
Page 119 and 120:
tD SEASON (SEPTTODECEMBER) --',19%H
Page 121 and 122:
4.23 AGE DISTRIBUTION OF PATIENTS W
Page 123 and 124:
4.2.4 GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF I'ATIE
Page 125 and 126:
4.2.5 THE PREVALENCE OF DEN JgG ANT
Page 127 and 128:
90 r-----------------------~-------
Page 129 and 130:
4.3 IgM CAPTURE ELlSA FOR WEST NiLE
Page 131 and 132:
10.90.80.7(/lW;:)...J~ 0.5ci 0.400.
Page 133 and 134:
TABLE 18:SEASONAL PATTERN OF WNV Ig
Page 135 and 136:
TABLE 19: MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF W
Page 137 and 138:
TABLE 20: AGE DISTRIBUTION OF WNV I
Page 139 and 140:
TABLE 21:GENDER DISTRIIlUTION OF WN
Page 141 and 142:
TABLE 22: THE PREVALENCE OF WNV IgG
Page 143 and 144:
4.4. THE PREVALENCE OF YELLOW FEVER
Page 145 and 146:
COLD HARMATTANSEASON35%HOT DRY SEAS
Page 147 and 148:
.._-~._--TABLE 24: SHOWING THE LEVr
Page 149 and 150:
1~74.7 DILUTION OF DEN POSITIVE IgM
Page 151 and 152:
4.8 VECTOlUAL STUDIES ON MOSQUITO V
Page 153 and 154:
:.~. , ,, ,'\"i,,~;"'~'.,0,';i~! ,.
Page 155 and 156:
--_._-~._,--_._-------TABLE 26: THE
Page 157 and 158:
Figure 12: SEMI NESTED peR WITH AED
Page 159 and 160:
4.8.2.2 RT·PCR FOR WNV IN CULEX MO
Page 161 and 162:
139, '"i., ',"Figure 15:RT-PCR ON C
Page 163 and 164:
"Figure 16; RT-rcn ON WNV POSITIVE
Page 165 and 166:
CHAPTER FIVE5.0 DISCUSSION AND CONC
Page 167 and 168:
antibody positive hy MAC-ELlSA on a
Page 169 and 170:
elationship between the prevalence
Page 171 and 172:
status (that is having previous den
Page 173 and 174:
WNV RNA were C~ll[;htprcdomiuan.ly
Page 175 and 176:
patient is not uncommon if it could
Page 177 and 178:
eports (Gublcr 1997, 1998b), which
Page 179 and 180:
detection is a serologic method tha
Page 181 and 182:
November. This is because mosquito
Page 183 and 184:
Ben-Nathan, D. and Feuerstein, G. (
Page 185 and 186:
Cantilc, c. Di Guardo, G. E.; Leni,
Page 187 and 188:
--~------.,Chomczynski, P. and Sacc
Page 189 and 190:
Edelman, R.; Wasserman, S. S.; Bodi
Page 191 and 192:
Gannendia, A.E.; Van kruningen, HJ.
Page 193 and 194:
Gubler, D. Iand'Irent, D.W.(1994):
Page 195 and 196:
Hammon , W. McD.( 1969): Observatio
Page 197 and 198:
Innis., B.L.; Nisalak, A; Nimmannit
Page 199 and 200:
Koonin, E. V. (1993;): Computer-ass
Page 201 and 202:
179Leitmeyer, K. C.; Vaughn, D. W.;
Page 203 and 204:
Marberg, K; Goldblum, N.; Sterk, V.
Page 205 and 206:
Monath T P (1994) Dengue: the risk
Page 207 and 208:
Paradoa, Preze. M. 1.; TrujiIlo, Y.
Page 209 and 210:
Rice, C. M.and Strauss, J. H. (1990
Page 211 and 212:
Shi, P.Y.; Kanfman, E.B.; Ren, P.;
Page 213 and 214:
Sumiyoshi, H.; Tignor, G. H. and Sh
Page 215 and 216:
infection with some arboviruses. Tr
Page 217 and 218:
Webster, L.T. (1993): Inherited and
Page 219 and 220:
APPENDI X I:INOCULATION OF MICE WIT
Page 221 and 222:
APPENDIX 2PREPARATION OF REAGENTS1.
Page 223 and 224:
•17. Preparation of PrimersPrimer
Page 225:
APPENDIX 4IgM EUSA RESULTS AFTER Ti
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