Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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NAT: Network AddressTranslationImplementation: NAT router must:outgoing datagrams: replace (source IP address,port #) of every outgoing datagram to (NAT IPaddress, new port #). . . remote clients/servers will respond using (NATIP address, new port #) as destination addr.remember (in NAT translation table) every (source IPaddress, port #) to (NAT IP address, new port #)translation pairincoming datagrams: replace (NAT IP address, newport #) in dest fields of every incoming datagramwith corresponding (source IP address, port #)stored in NAT table
NAT: Network AddressTranslation2: NAT gw changesdatagram sourceaddr from 10.0.0.4,3345 to138.76.29.7, 5001,updates table2NAT translation tableWAN side addr LAN side addr138.76.29.7, 5001 10.0.0.4, 3345…………S: 138.76.29.7, 5001D: 128.119.40.186, 8010.0.0.1S: 10.0.0.4, 3345D: 128.119.40.186, 8011: host 10.0.0.4sends datagram to128.119.40, 8010.0.0.410.0.0.2138.76.29.7S: 128.119.40.186, 80D: 138.76.29.7, 5001 33: Reply arrivesdest. address:138.76.29.7, 5001S: 128.119.40.186, 80D: 10.0.0.1, 3345 44: NAT routerchanges datagramdest addr from138.76.29.7, 5001 to 10.0.0.4, 334510.0.0.3
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Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
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What is an Exchange Point Network A
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Co
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Mu
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? So
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Faculty Qualifications—PN• ONLY
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Pe
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Internet Exchange Point SolutionEve
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Why use an IXP? PEERING Shared medi
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Why use an IXP? SAVES MONEY!!! Traf
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Exchange Point DesignISP 6ISP 5 ISP
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Peering at an IXP Each participant
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Exchange Point examples LINX in Lon
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DHCP: Dynamic HostConfiguration Pro
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DHCP client-server scenarioDHCP ser
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Computers use IP addresses.Why do w
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hosts.txt does not scale✗ Huge fi
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DNS is Hierarchical.(root)/ (root)u
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DNS: iterated queriesroot name serv
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Domain Names are (almost)unlimited
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Commonly seen ResourceRecords (RRs)
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Possible results from a Query POSIT
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DNS is a Client-Serverapplication (
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Three roles in DNS RESOLVERTakes re
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ROLE 1: THE RESOLVER A piece of sof
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How do you choose whichcache(s) to
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Example: Unix resolverconfiguration
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The trailing dot# dig lboro.ac.uk.
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Understanding output from dig STATU
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DNS recordsDNS: distributed db stor
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DNS protocol, messagesName, type fi
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HTTP overviewHTTP: hypertext transf
Page 66 and 67: HTTP connectionsNonpersistent HTTP
Page 68 and 69: Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.)5. HTTP c
Page 70 and 71: Persistent HTTPNonpersistent HTTP i
Page 72 and 73: HTTP request message:general format
Page 74 and 75: Method typesHTTP/1.0 GET POST HEADa
Page 76 and 77: HTTP response messagestatus line(pr
Page 78 and 79: Trying out HTTP (client side) for y
Page 80 and 81: Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.
Page 82 and 83: User-server interaction:authorizati
Page 84 and 85: Web caches (proxy server)Goal: sati
Page 86 and 87: Content distribution networks(CDNs)
Page 88 and 89: FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
Page 90 and 91: FTP: separate control, data connect
Page 92 and 93: E-Mail(SMTP, POP, IMAP)
Page 94 and 95: Electronic MailMail Serversmailbox
Page 96 and 97: Scenario: Alice sends messageto Bob
Page 98 and 99: Try SMTP interaction foryourself: t
Page 100 and 101: Mail message formatSMTP: protocol f
Page 102 and 103: MIME typesContent-Type: type/subtyp
Page 104 and 105: POP3 Short for Post Office Protocol
Page 106 and 107: POP3 (more) and IMAPMore about POP3
Page 108 and 109: POP3 vs IMAPWith IMAP, all your mai
Page 110 and 111: EximExim is an open source mail tra
Page 112 and 113: NAT: Network AddressTranslation Mot
Page 114 and 115: Private Addresses
Page 118 and 119: NAT: Network AddressTranslation 16-
Page 120 and 121: Provider NATs? ConsideredHarmful156
Page 122 and 123: TURN protocol Protocol for UDP/TCP
Page 124 and 125: STUN (RFC 3489) Defines operations
Page 126 and 127: Configuring NAT in LinuxLinux uses
Page 128 and 129: Multimedia Networking
Page 130 and 131: GoalsPrinciples Classify multimedia
Page 132 and 133: Streaming stored multimedia Streami
Page 134 and 135: Streaming live multimediaExamples:
Page 136 and 137: A few words about audiocompression
Page 138 and 139: Packet loss and delay Network loss:
Page 140 and 141: How should the Internet evolveto be
Page 142 and 143: Principles for QOS Guarantees Examp
Page 144 and 145: Principles for QOS Guarantees Alloc
Page 146 and 147: Summary of QoS Principles
Page 148 and 149: Scheduling Policies: morePriority s
Page 150 and 151: Scheduling Policies: still moreWeig
Page 152 and 153: Diffserv ArchitectureEdge router: p
Page 154 and 155: Classification and Conditioning Pac
Page 156 and 157: Firewalls156
Page 158 and 159: Firewall goals All traffic from out
Page 160 and 161: Traditional packet filtersAnalyzes
Page 162 and 163: Access control listsApply rules fro
Page 164 and 165: Advantages and disadvantages oftrad
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Firewall lab: iptables iptables Pro
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iptables: Example commandiptables -
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iptables Options-p protocol type (t
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Firewall Lab: Part B Rules for outg
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Stateful filters: example Log each
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Demarcation Zone (DMZ)applicationga
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Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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