Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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Firewall Lab: Part B Rules for outgoing traffic from internal node:Outgoing SSH, and ICMP traffic should be allowedAll multicast traffic should be allowedOSPF traffic should be allowedAll other traffic should be blocked Rules for incoming traffic to protected server:All incoming SSH, http, SMTP, Ping, and anonymousftp should be permittedAll multicast traffic should be allowedOSPF traffic should be allowedAll other incoming traffic should be blocked
Stateful Filters In previous example, any packet withACK=1 and source port 80 gets in. Attacker could, for example, attempt amalformed packet attack by sending ACK=1segments Stateful filter: Adds more intelligence tothe filter decision-making process Stateful = remember past packets Memory implemented in a very dynamicstate table
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Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)
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What is an Exchange Point Network A
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Co
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Mu
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? So
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Faculty Qualifications—PN• ONLY
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Internet Exchange PointWhy peer? Pe
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Internet Exchange Point SolutionEve
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Why use an IXP? PEERING Shared medi
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Why use an IXP? SAVES MONEY!!! Traf
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Exchange Point DesignISP 6ISP 5 ISP
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Peering at an IXP Each participant
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Exchange Point examples LINX in Lon
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DHCP: Dynamic HostConfiguration Pro
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DHCP client-server scenarioDHCP ser
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Computers use IP addresses.Why do w
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hosts.txt does not scale✗ Huge fi
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DNS is Hierarchical.(root)/ (root)u
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DNS: iterated queriesroot name serv
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Domain Names are (almost)unlimited
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Commonly seen ResourceRecords (RRs)
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Possible results from a Query POSIT
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DNS is a Client-Serverapplication (
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Three roles in DNS RESOLVERTakes re
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ROLE 1: THE RESOLVER A piece of sof
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How do you choose whichcache(s) to
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Example: Unix resolverconfiguration
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The trailing dot# dig lboro.ac.uk.
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Understanding output from dig STATU
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DNS recordsDNS: distributed db stor
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DNS protocol, messagesName, type fi
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HTTP overviewHTTP: hypertext transf
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HTTP connectionsNonpersistent HTTP
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Nonpersistent HTTP (cont.)5. HTTP c
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Persistent HTTPNonpersistent HTTP i
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HTTP request message:general format
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Method typesHTTP/1.0 GET POST HEADa
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HTTP response messagestatus line(pr
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Trying out HTTP (client side) for y
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Cookies: keeping “state” (cont.
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User-server interaction:authorizati
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Web caches (proxy server)Goal: sati
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Content distribution networks(CDNs)
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FTP(File Transfer Protocol)
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FTP: separate control, data connect
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E-Mail(SMTP, POP, IMAP)
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Electronic MailMail Serversmailbox
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Scenario: Alice sends messageto Bob
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Try SMTP interaction foryourself: t
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Mail message formatSMTP: protocol f
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MIME typesContent-Type: type/subtyp
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POP3 Short for Post Office Protocol
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POP3 (more) and IMAPMore about POP3
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POP3 vs IMAPWith IMAP, all your mai
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EximExim is an open source mail tra
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NAT: Network AddressTranslation Mot
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Private Addresses
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NAT: Network AddressTranslationImpl
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NAT: Network AddressTranslation 16-
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Provider NATs? ConsideredHarmful156
Page 122 and 123: TURN protocol Protocol for UDP/TCP
Page 124 and 125: STUN (RFC 3489) Defines operations
Page 126 and 127: Configuring NAT in LinuxLinux uses
Page 128 and 129: Multimedia Networking
Page 130 and 131: GoalsPrinciples Classify multimedia
Page 132 and 133: Streaming stored multimedia Streami
Page 134 and 135: Streaming live multimediaExamples:
Page 136 and 137: A few words about audiocompression
Page 138 and 139: Packet loss and delay Network loss:
Page 140 and 141: How should the Internet evolveto be
Page 142 and 143: Principles for QOS Guarantees Examp
Page 144 and 145: Principles for QOS Guarantees Alloc
Page 146 and 147: Summary of QoS Principles
Page 148 and 149: Scheduling Policies: morePriority s
Page 150 and 151: Scheduling Policies: still moreWeig
Page 152 and 153: Diffserv ArchitectureEdge router: p
Page 154 and 155: Classification and Conditioning Pac
Page 156 and 157: Firewalls156
Page 158 and 159: Firewall goals All traffic from out
Page 160 and 161: Traditional packet filtersAnalyzes
Page 162 and 163: Access control listsApply rules fro
Page 164 and 165: Advantages and disadvantages oftrad
Page 166 and 167: Firewall lab: iptables iptables Pro
Page 168 and 169: iptables: Example commandiptables -
Page 170 and 171: iptables Options-p protocol type (t
Page 174 and 175: Stateful filters: example Log each
Page 176: Demarcation Zone (DMZ)applicationga
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Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

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