Internet Exchange Points (IXPs)

Packet loss and delay Network loss: IP datagram lost due to networkcongestion (router buffer overflow) Delay loss: IP datagram arrives too late forplayout at receiverDelays: processing, queuing in network; end-system(sender, receiver) delaysTypical maximum tolerable delay: 400 ms Loss tolerance: depending on voice encoding,losses concealed, packet loss rates between1% and 10% can be tolerated.