<strong>and</strong> Peter Grose describe <strong>the</strong> frustrations that Protestant missionaries in Palestine faced asZionists pushed forward for a Jewish homel<strong>and</strong>. 93“Everyone zealous for Christianmissions,” explains a Presbyterian veteran <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> faculty at <strong>the</strong> American University <strong>of</strong>Beirut, “must feel a veritable heartbreak for <strong>the</strong> way in which <strong>the</strong> hasty <strong>and</strong> ill-advisedendorsement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Zionist program by Congress has nullified <strong>the</strong> sacrificial labors <strong>of</strong>generations <strong>of</strong> missionaries <strong>and</strong> educators.” 94The central issue for <strong>the</strong>se Protestant <strong>and</strong> Catholic groups was essentially Jewishrejection <strong>of</strong> Jesus as <strong>the</strong> Messiah, 95 <strong>and</strong> especially for <strong>the</strong> Protestants, rejection <strong>of</strong>missionary labors to help correct that perceived fault. Per Osterbye in his book TheChurch in <strong>Israel</strong> (1970) condemns <strong>Israel</strong> for its anti-missionary attitude. Still, heexplains that most people <strong>of</strong> Protestant faith believe that <strong>the</strong> formation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong><strong>Israel</strong> represents “a direct fulfillment <strong>of</strong> someOld Testament prophecies,” <strong>and</strong> concludes that “<strong>the</strong> Jews are still God's chosen people.” 96Yet, despite <strong>the</strong>ir belief in <strong>the</strong> Jews as God's chosen people, many Christians remainedstaunchly opposed to <strong>the</strong> Jewish <strong>State</strong> on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Christ issue. “The centralquestion between Judaism <strong>and</strong> Christianity lies in <strong>the</strong>ir answer to <strong>the</strong> question: What doyou think <strong>of</strong> Christ?” insists Millar Burrows <strong>of</strong> Yale University. “The present resurgence<strong>of</strong> Jewish nationalism is a repetition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> same fatal error that caused <strong>Israel</strong>'s rejection<strong>of</strong> Jesus.” 979394959697Oren, Power, Faith <strong>and</strong> Fantasy 428; Grose , <strong>Israel</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Mind <strong>of</strong> America, 214.Grose, <strong>Israel</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Mind <strong>of</strong> America, 214.Grose, <strong>Israel</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Mind <strong>of</strong> America, 214.Per Osterbye, The Church in <strong>Israel</strong> (Denmark: Vinderup Bogtrykkeri I/S 1970), 136.Grose, <strong>Israel</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Mind <strong>of</strong> America, 214.34
In addition to contributing to persisting notions <strong>of</strong> anti-semitism, <strong>the</strong>se attitudescomplicated American sentiment regarding support for <strong>Israel</strong>. Still o<strong>the</strong>rs recognized <strong>the</strong>role that Christian anti-semitism had played in setting <strong>the</strong> stage for <strong>the</strong> Holocaust, arealization that caused <strong>the</strong>m to support <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> a Jewish homel<strong>and</strong> to assuage <strong>the</strong>irguilt. As Dorothy Thompson contends, “The salvation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Jews must. . . come in partas an act <strong>of</strong> repentance from <strong>the</strong> Christian world.” 98None<strong>the</strong>less, America remained divided throughout <strong>the</strong> 1940s <strong>and</strong> 50s. PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt clung desperately to <strong>the</strong> American policy <strong>of</strong> neutrality in <strong>the</strong>conflict over a Jewish state in <strong>the</strong> Middle East, <strong>and</strong> even promised King ibn Saud <strong>of</strong>Saudi Arabia “never to assist <strong>the</strong> Jews at <strong>the</strong> Arabs' expense,” 99 but his successor HarryTruman left notions <strong>of</strong> neutrality behind. Influenced both by various outspoken, pro-<strong>Israel</strong> Christian leaders, <strong>and</strong> by his own convictions, Truman threw his support in favor <strong>of</strong><strong>Israel</strong>. 100On May 14, 1948, shortly after David Ben Gurion announced <strong>Israel</strong>'sindependence, <strong>the</strong> United <strong>State</strong>s <strong>of</strong>ficially recognized “<strong>the</strong> provisional government as <strong>the</strong>de facto authority <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>State</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Israel</strong>.” 101Clearly American sentiment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1940s <strong>and</strong> 50s regarding <strong>Israel</strong> 102 vacillated<strong>and</strong> equivocated, even while a change was taking place in American society that linkedCatholics, Protestants <strong>and</strong> Jews toge<strong>the</strong>r in a common dislike <strong>of</strong> Communism. 103However, <strong>the</strong> year 1967 saw American support for <strong>Israel</strong> begin to solidify. As noted,98Oren, Power, Faith <strong>and</strong> Fantasy, 215.99Oren, Power, Faith <strong>and</strong> Fantasy, 471.100Oren, Power, Faith <strong>and</strong> Fantasy, 483-84.101White House telegram, 6:11 p.m. Eastern St<strong>and</strong>ard Time, Truman Presidential Library, online:http://www.trumanlibrary.org/photos/israel.jpg.102 American political sentiment regarding <strong>Israel</strong> will be discussed in greater detail in <strong>the</strong> followingchapter.103Mart, “Christianization <strong>of</strong> <strong>Israel</strong> <strong>and</strong> Jews,” 119; see also Will Herberg, Protestant, Catholic, Jew: AnEssay in American Religious Sociology (Chicago: University <strong>of</strong> Chicago Press, 1955).35
- Page 2 and 3: AcknowledgementsI am indebted to Pr
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- Page 82 and 83: BibliographyAlteras, Isaac. Eisenho
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