Chapter 8 - Pearson Learning Solutions

More documents

Recommendations

Info

$College of Marin Study Guide for Math 95 A,B - Pearson Learning ...$

330 PART THREE Long-Term Investment DecisionsFocus on PracticeChanges May Influence Future Investments in ChinaIN PRACTICEForeign direct investment inChina soared in 2006. Notincluding banks, insurance, andsecurities, foreign direct investmentamounted to $63.02 billion.China’s economy hassurged more than tenfold since1980, the first year it allowedforeign investments and moneybegan pouring into factories onChina’s east coast.As its exports surged, China’strade surplus swelled 74 percentin 2006 to a record $177.5 billion.With a strong foreignexchange surplus, China is nolonger desperate for capital fromoverseas, but is now primarilyinterested in foreign skills andtechnologies. Prime MinisterWen Jiabao wants to steerinvestments toward the manufacturingof higher-value productsand toward less-developedregions. Wen is giving tax breaksand promising speedy approvalsfor investments away from areasin the east, such as Shanghaiand the Pearl River Delta.Typical of foreign investors inChina is Intel Capital, a subsidiaryof Intel Corporation. In late2005, it invested $200 millioninto three Chinese companies:Chipsbrand Microelectronics Co.,Ltd., a semiconductor designcompany; Onewave Technologies,Inc., a broadband entertainment-technologysolutionsprovider; and Versilicon HoldingsCo., Ltd., an integrated-circuitdesign foundry. Intel Capital is nobeginner at foreign investment;it has invested more than $4 billionin more than 1,000 companiesaround the world.China allows three types offoreign investments: a whollyforeign-owned enterprise(WFOE) in which the firm isentirely funded with foreigncapital; a joint venture in whichthe foreign partner must provideat least 25 percent of initial capital;and a representative office(RO), the most common andeasily established entity, whichcannot perform business activitiesthat directly result in profits.Generally an RO is the first stepin establishing a China presenceand includes mechanisms forupgrading to a WFOE or jointventure.Like any foreign investment,investing in China is not withoutrisk. One potential risk facing foreigninvestors in China is thelikelihood of a future taxincrease. Currently, domestic(Chinese) enterprises haveheavy tax burdens, while foreigninvestment enterprises enjoy alower tax rate. The difference isabout 13 percent and it is onereason why foreign investorsfavor China. A new “unified tax”proposal is expected to beenacted in 2008, and this willresult in a higher tax rate for foreigninvestors. In addition, higherproduction costs due to stricterrequirements on environmentalprotection and higher salariesfor Chinese employees will alsopressure foreign investors.■ The Chinese government hasencouraged foreign investmentsthrough favorable tax treatment.Can you think of similar situationsin your own country?foreign direct investmentThe transfer of capital,managerial, and technicalassets to a foreign country.financing of such investments as debt rather than as equity. Debt-service paymentsare legally enforceable claims, whereas equity returns (such as dividends) are not.Even if local courts do not support the claims of the U.S. company, the companycan threaten to pursue its case in U.S. courts.In spite of the preceding difficulties, foreign direct investment, which involvesthe transfer of capital, managerial, and technical assets to a foreign country, hassurged in recent years. This is evident in the growing market values of foreignassets owned by U.S.-based companies and of foreign direct investment in theUnited States, particularly by British, Canadian, Dutch, German, and Japanesecompanies. Furthermore, foreign direct investment by U.S. companies seems tobe accelerating. See the Focus on Practice box above for a discussion of recentforeign direct investment in China.2008935971Principles of Managerial Finance, Brief Fifth Edition, by Lawrence J. Gitman. Copyright © 2009 by Lawrence J. Gitman. Published by Prentice Hall.
CHAPTER 8 Capital Budgeting Cash Flows 331REVIEW QUESTIONS8–5 Why is it important to evaluate capital budgeting projects on the basis ofincremental cash flows?8–6 What three components of cash flow may exist for a given project? Howcan expansion decisions be treated as replacement decisions? Explain.8–7 What effect do sunk costs and opportunity costs have on a project’s incrementalcash flows?8–8 How can currency risk and political risk be minimized when one is makingforeign direct investment?LG48.3 Finding the Initial InvestmentThe term initial investment as used here refers to the relevant cash outflows to beconsidered when evaluating a prospective capital expenditure. Because our discussionof capital budgeting is concerned only with investments that exhibit conventionalcash flows, the initial investment occurs at time zero—the time at whichthe expenditure is made. The initial investment is calculated by subtracting allcash inflows occurring at time zero from all cash outflows occurring at time zero.The basic format for determining the initial investment is given in Table 8.2.The cash flows that must be considered when determining the initial investmentassociated with a capital expenditure are the installed cost of the new asset, theafter-tax proceeds (if any) from the sale of an old asset, and the change (if any) innet working capital. Note that if there are no installation costs and the firm is notreplacing an existing asset, then the cost (purchase price) of the new asset,adjusted for any change in net working capital, is equal to the initial investment.cost of new assetThe net outflow necessaryto acquire a new asset.installation costsAny added costs that arenecessary to place an assetinto operation.Installed Cost of New AssetAs shown in Table 8.2, the installed cost of the new asset is found by adding thecost of the new asset to its installation costs. The cost of new asset is the net outflowthat its acquisition requires. Usually, we are concerned with the acquisitionof a fixed asset for which a definite purchase price is paid. Installation costs areTABLE 8.2The Basic Format for DeterminingInitial InvestmentInstalled cost of new asset Cost of new asset Installation costs After-tax proceeds from sale of old asset Proceeds from sale of old asset Tax on sale of old asset Change in net working capitalInitial investment2008935971Principles of Managerial Finance, Brief Fifth Edition, by Lawrence J. Gitman. Copyright © 2009 by Lawrence J. Gitman. Published by Prentice Hall.
Page 1 and 2: Part ThreeLong-Term InvestmentDecis
Page 3 and 4: CHAPTER 8 Capital Budgeting Cash Fl
Page 9: CHAPTER 8 Capital Budgeting Cash Fl

Chapter 8 - Pearson Learning Solutions

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?