MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBRARY

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ML 38 Spatula ML 39 Spirit lamptube closedML 41 Test tube stand,plastic to use onthe benchML 42 Tripodscrew capmercury up asfar as here20-front cut away plasticglasstube rv holes around thebulb of the thermometerML 43 Rubber teat ML 44 Thermometer ML 45 Thermometorsheath\-IML 46 Plastic centrifugetube, ungraduatedML 47 Graduatedcentrifuge tubelo(try hard to get ALL:the equipment you need !!--I ml.i63II,-- IgraduationML 48a Standard ML 48b ‘Cross ML 48c Kahn ML 48d Lovibond ML 49 Plastic tiletest tube matching tube’ tube tube with depressionsJm?rk/depressions(holes) 2Only a short lengthof the tube is shownhereML 50 Rubber tube1t 1LidML 51 Glass tubing,this is a big bundleof tubingML 52 Polythenewatch glassML 53 Electricwater bathML 54 Sparewicks for thespirit lampML 55 Nickel-chromewire for the loopholderFig. 2-3 Special equipment in the main list-three
.I‘:; ‘1 :....’ ;.,. . .I, _(Ordinary equipment in the main list 1 2.3thermometer will measure as high as 5O”C, and 50°C isat the top of the tube. It will measure 37”C, which is animportant temperature, because this is the temperature ofthe human body. A waterbath at 37°C is used for bloodtransfusion methods. You will use the thermometer tomeasure the temperature of this waterbath. Centigrade isan old word and you will often 6nd the newer wordCelsius used instead.ML 45. A glass thermometer iseasily broken. ML 45is therefore a thermometer sheath to stop your thermometergetting broken. A sh&h is a covering which protectsthe thing inside it. This sheath is a metal tube withpart of its front cutaway. There is a cap at the top whichunscrews. Unscrew the cap and gently push the thetiometerdown inside the sheath with its bulb first. Put thecap back. Turn the thermometer round so that you cansee the graduation marks on the scale. Always keep thethermometer in its sheath. It will be safer this way. But,even so, be careful not to drop it. A thermometer can stillbreak, even inside its sheath.ML 46 and 47 are plain and graduated centrifugetubes. They are made of polypropylene or nylon, whichare strong kinds of plastic. They have conical bottomsand are made to go into the buckets of a centrifuge. Onetube is plain and the other has graduation marks on it upto 10 ml. These centrifuge tubes are described inSections 1.5 and 5.7.ML 48a-d are test tubes. A test tube is a short glasstube with thin sides and a round bottom. You are givenfour kinds of test tubes. ML 48a is tbe ordinary test tubeand is most often used for testing the urine. ML 48b is ashort narrow test tube which is only used for cross matchingblood-look at Section 12.6. In this book it is calleda cross-matching tube. ML 48c is a very useful size oftube in which to ‘wash’ red cells for blood grouping, andit is called a Kahn tube. ML 48d is the special Lovibondtube or cell. It is square and fits the newer ‘Lovibond1000’ comparator. The older kind of Lovibond comparatorhad round tubes (ML 48e). When getting tubes foryour Lovibond comparator, make sure you get the rightones. These tubes are expensive and the square kind costabout $1.1 each. Both tubes have the word LOVIBONDwritten on them and must not be used for anythingexcept comparing liquids in the comparator. Never heata Lovibond tube, or put it in a centrifuge.ML 49 is a tile or spotting plate. It is a square of whiteplastic with some shallow holes in it. It is used for bloodgrouping and for testing the urine for INH (Section 8.9).A white builders’ tile can also be used for blood grouping,so can a piece of plastic sheet, such as the clear kindof plastic ca!led ‘Perspex’.ML 50 is two metres of rubber tube. This is for thewater pump and the Bunsen burner. You may be luckyand have running water and the right tap to make itwork-see Picture F, FIGURE 3- 1.ML 5 1 is a parcel of many long pieces of glass tube.This is the glass tube from which you can make thePasteur pipettes described in Section 3.9. It is between 6and 7 mm across. This is the external or outside dia-meter, and each piece is about one and a half metres long.Glass tubing is bought by the kilo. You are given twokilos of glass tubing.ML 52 is a polythene watch glass. There is a roundglass on the front of a watch. This is a watch glass. Thewatch glasses you are given are much bigger than thoseon wrist-watches and are made of plastic, not glass. Theyare really dishes or plates. They are used for weighingchemicals on a balance.ML 53 is an electric water bath. It is made so that itwill keep water at any temperature between that of aroom (about 20°C) and 100°C (boiling temperature orboiling point). You will use it at 37°C.ML 54 are spare wicks for the spirit lamp ML 39. Awick is the cloth in a lamp that is soaked in oil or spiritand bums at one end.ML 55 is wire for making loops which go in the loopholderML 28. Section 3.10 tells you how to make theseloops. It is called nickel-chrome wire because it is madeof two metals which are rather like iron called nickel andchromium. Wire of this kind is not easily burnt away in aBunsen burner. This wire is called ‘22 SWG’ nickelchrome wire. 22 SWG measures how thick it is. SWGmeans Standard Wire Gauge.2.3 Ordinary equipment in the main list (FIGURE2-4)So far all the equipment that we have described has beenequipment that has to be ordered specially. But there aremany ordinary things, like cups and jars which are usefulin a laboratory. These can be bought in most ordinaryshops. You may say that it is not worth drawing picturesof all these things. Perhaps it is not, but it may help youto get them. This ordinary equipment is just as importantas the special laboratory equipment.ML 56 is a small paint brush. It is used with the quickdrying paint to label bottles as is shown in Picture C,FIGURE 3-8. A spirit pen can be used, but paint looksmuch better. Carefully labelled bottles will help you tobe proud of your laboratory.ML 57 is a bucket with a handle. You will want six ofthese. Two of them should be metal. They are shownunder the bench in FIGURE 3- 11.ML 58 are ordinary plastic cups with handles. Theycan be used instead of glass beakers for everythingexcept heating. Because they are plastic they do notbreak as easily as glass beakers.ML 60 is a gas cylinder. This is a big iron bottle ofgas. It is used to provide gas for a Bunsen burner asshown in Picture A, FIGURE 3-2. There are many shapesand sizes of cylinders, and you will have the kind whichis sold in your country. The cylinder must have amachine on it called a reducing valve. This lets the gasout of the cylinder slowly and is shown in Picture F,FIGURE 3-2. The reducing valve is joined to the Bunsenburner by a piece of rubber tubing (ML 50a). You willneed two cylinders. Keep one in use. As soon as it is
Page 1 and 2: AT MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBRARYA proj
Page 3 and 4: This book aims to bring the mini~mu
Page 5 and 6: To all those who might soeasily be
Page 7 and 8: Oxford University Press, E& House,
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceThere is believed to be a ne
Page 11 and 12: ContentsChapter1. INTRODUCTION1.1 H
Page 13 and 14: ContentsPAS. 8.10 Testing for sulph
Page 15 and 16: How to use this book 1 1.11 1 Intro
Page 17 and 18: Honesty and responsibility 1 1.2bes
Page 19 and 20: Some special words 1 1.3with. A row
Page 21 and 22: Centrifuging and filtering 1 1.5/th
Page 23 and 24: Cells 1 1.9the pH is about Il. At p
Page 25 and 26: Micro-organisms 1 1 .l 1made from t
Page 27 and 28: Stains 1 1.16difficult to see. We u
Page 29 and 30: Stklization 1 1.20This kills all th
Page 31 and 32: The pressure cooker 1 1.21The 3-way
Page 33 and 34: Laboratory infection 1 1.23the plun
Page 35 and 36: 2 1 Equipment andChemicals2.1 The e
Page 37 and 38: Special equipment in the main list
Page 39: Special equipment in the main list
Page 43 and 44: Chemicals 1 2.4heating things on th
Page 45 and 46: Stock and spares 1 2.6chamber 0.1 m
Page 47 and 48: 3.1 Benches and shelvesThere are ma
Page 49 and 50: P,,,.” y- ,.* 9.; _, ,,.Bottled g
Page 51 and 52: The Bunsen burner 1 3.5the tin draw
Page 53 and 54: .,;-./I ,__( .if you have no diamon
Page 55 and 56: Making and using Pasteur pipettes 1
Page 57 and 58: Some practical details 1 3.11and in
Page 59 and 60: Washing equipment 1 3.12Find a piec
Page 61 and 62: Stains and reagents 1 3.15Keep all
Page 63 and 64: Buffers 1 3.20aa wash bottle and th
Page 65 and 66: Buffers 1 3.253.25 MAKING CRYSTAL V
Page 67 and 68: Buffers 1 3.37/fill the bottle with
Page 69 and 70: A description of Figure 3-11 1 3.46
Page 71 and 72: _.:;:;r- ^>,< ’ “- , _:’ , ,,
Page 73 and 74: 4 1 Records and Specimens4.1 Record
Page 75 and 76: ; -. . . _specimen is lahelled and
Page 77 and 78: “‘MAKING A SEQUESTRENEPOLYTUBEA
Page 79 and 80: Cross infection and syringe jaundic
Page 81 and 82: : 1 _;;:.,.“ -. y ‘, ;Send&g sp
Page 83 and 84: 5 1 Weighing and MeasuringWEIGHT5.1
Page 85 and 86: The Ohaus triple beam balance 1 ‘
Page 87 and 88: : ,!“&;‘.: ; ), : IIPipettes a
Page 89 and 90: I’- >- Why and how we measure col
Page 91 and 92:
The Lovibond comparator 1 5.10THE L
Page 93 and 94:
The ‘Grey wedge’ 1 5.11The wedg
Page 95 and 96:
Ii’ used for the blood urea. THE
Page 97 and 98:
-Measuring colour with electricity
Page 99 and 100:
Oxyhaemoglobin methods 1 5.2T arefr
Page 101 and 102:
When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22This i
Page 103 and 104:
When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22BEFORE
Page 105 and 106:
6 1 The Microscope6.1 The pm your m
Page 107 and 108:
How a microscope works 1 6.2may not
Page 109 and 110:
FROM ON TOPTHE CONDENSERB FROM THE
Page 111 and 112:
‘z:.! y,*. 4:f.‘> &&jg;y: -: r_
Page 113 and 114:
The objectives j 6.7all these are t
Page 115 and 116:
.i’i (. 1. ” .The eyepiece 1 6.
Page 117 and 118:
., -.-Lights for the microscope 1 6
Page 119 and 120:
Knowing your microscope 1 6.13foeos
Page 121 and 122:
Specimens of poor contrast 1 6.15ey
Page 123 and 124:
Troubles with microscopes 1 6.166.1
Page 125 and 126:
Some ‘DOS’ and ‘Don’ts’ i
Page 127 and 128:
.,:‘=--L&,??6;,* >.: -- ,I i .~:.
Page 129 and 130:
The haematocrit 7.2If you do. you w
Page 131 and 132:
z -.The haematocrit 1 7.2instrument
Page 133 and 134:
An anaemia chart for the ‘Under F
Page 135 and 136:
Causes of anaemia 1 7.5both the hae
Page 137 and 138:
The thin blood film 1 7.11pale conj
Page 139 and 140:
7 1 BloodA film is always too thick
Page 141 and 142:
Faults in a thin blood film 1 7.13T
Page 143 and 144:
Platelets 1 7.15NEUTROPHILMETAMYELO
Page 145 and 146:
How blood cells are formed in the m
Page 147 and 148:
The red cells of anaemic patients a
Page 149 and 150:
The differential white cell count 1
Page 151 and 152:
What ahaemoglobinopathy is 1 7.24ME
Page 153 and 154:
Two solubility methods for haemoglo
Page 155 and 156:
Sickle-cell anaemia and the sickle-
Page 157 and 158:
THE TOTAL WHITE CELL COUNT7.29 Coun
Page 159 and 160:
Counting white cells 1 7.29THESE AR
Page 161 and 162:
What an abnormal total white cell c
Page 163 and 164:
I1.‘.)?6),.I~_I/” ,1,~ Why a th
Page 165 and 166:
Ilymphocyteb 0 ayoung trophozoites
Page 167 and 168:
P.vivax P.malariae P.falciparum P.o
Page 169 and 170:
Sleeping sickness or trypanosomiasi
Page 171 and 172:
A concentration method ! 7.38for ex
Page 173 and 174:
The ESR 1 7.39make several of these
Page 175 and 176:
1”ig; I , _ :-!. * ip ’ _Make s
Page 177 and 178:
,.,;+fi :_ . .2 The blood sugar 1 7
Page 179 and 180:
,,:Measuring the plasma acetone wit
Page 181 and 182:
8 1 Urine8.1 A clean specimen of ur
Page 183 and 184:
“:. * -,y,: .&$.,i.:, .’ ; I 1
Page 185 and 186:
;,‘-j_‘. ..‘I I: ^I .p-: 1.
Page 187 and 188:
,- ;>. .-:I_. -.._). Jaundice and s
Page 189 and 190:
p-7-- -~- -by’ ”I!$: ‘-/!& Ii
Page 191 and 192:
Testingthe urine for sulphones1 8.1
Page 193 and 194:
_/Looking at the centrifuged deposi
Page 195 and 196:
aliSCH!STOSOME OVA 3deadSchistosoma
Page 197 and 198:
Three kinds of movement 1 8.148.14
Page 199 and 200:
Looking for the ova of Schistosoma
Page 201 and 202:
Diagnosing meningitis 1 9.3IF THE P
Page 203 and 204:
Equipment for lum’bar puncture 1
Page 205 and 206:
Cells 1 9.9of CSF to flow out of th
Page 207 and 208:
Stained films 1 9.11protein that yo
Page 209 and 210:
,(The CSF protein 1 9.1316 and 17.
Page 211 and 212:
i r: .,_‘.,i, I,>‘,i,.2c:,, y-,
Page 213 and 214:
Cerebral mil-aria 1 9.20blood has g
Page 215 and 216:
The saline stool smear 1 10.2aent t
Page 217 and 218:
,L- ;.:
Page 219 and 220:
spin the suspensionfor about five m
Page 221 and 222:
testtube-I piece ofSellotapelay the
Page 223 and 224:
;: “,Some common ova1 10.5Trichur
Page 225 and 226:
important thing about these organis
Page 227 and 228:
E. histolytica and E. co/i 1 10.7E.
Page 229 and 230:
.-.i- ; .>_; ,’ .:Identifying E.
Page 231 and 232:
Measuring the pH of a stool and tes
Page 233 and 234:
,-?‘,C ,:-. 1,I”.&‘.;-,__,-_
Page 235 and 236:
find a purulent(pus like) pieceof t
Page 237 and 238:
Examining the sputum for helminth o
Page 239 and 240:
this is the centrifuged depositfrom
Page 241 and 242:
Classifying leprosy 1 11 .l laIn no
Page 243 and 244:
Classifying leprosy 1 11.1 laThese
Page 245 and 246:
‘,y,d+“,> &^-”,.,-:>. I -_’
Page 247 and 248:
$i&i: :: -&ll _ ~*”ii’1~11’ 1
Page 249 and 250:
-.,‘&A, ,1 ’ .C’. ‘--Lymph
Page 251 and 252:
‘ h-7 1‘, ,,.->$ ,’ .: 1,:. +
Page 253 and 254:
This chapter makes extensive use of
Page 255 and 256:
this is a tube of \anti-A serum, it
Page 257 and 258:
.bthis is awash-IvlttlPof salinewit
Page 259 and 260:
Cross-matching or compatibility tes
Page 261 and 262:
Rhesus grouping 1 12.712.7 Rhesus g
Page 263 and 264:
guard tubethis rubber discgoes insi
Page 265 and 266:
B,>Sharpening needles 1 12.10Rubber
Page 267 and 268:
The pilot bottle 1 12.11ment and st
Page 269 and 270:
Taking blood 1 12.12this pair of fo
Page 271 and 272:
The Uganda Mobile Team 1 12.13Red C
Page 273 and 274:
I-;.~: : ,.,!r’-Storing blood: th
Page 275 and 276:
13 1 For Pathologists, Stores Offic
Page 277 and 278:
Upgrading peripheral laboratories 1
Page 279 and 280:
,.‘. ,. .”Gelieral stores requi
Page 281 and 282:
,h,,.-.ISpecialequipmentin the main
Page 283 and 284:
,, . .ML 50ML5 1ML 52ML 53ML 54ML 5
Page 285 and 286:
:~!16; ,z..: ;.,,,j, .,, ,I__ ,”F
Page 287 and 288:
I
Page 289 and 290:
Choice 13. ‘Dextrostix’ 1 13.26
Page 291 and 292:
p... ‘,( I’ ‘8a..:g& >,&Ii II
Page 293 and 294:
VocabularyIndexautoclave. A machine
Page 295 and 296:
Vocabulary Indexcy~toplasm. IIe com
Page 297 and 298:
VocabularyIndexGram’s method. A w
Page 299 and 300:
Vocabularyindexmeasuring qiinder (M
Page 301 and 302:
Vocabulary IndexPlasmodium, fatcipa
Page 303 and 304:
VocabularyIndexrelapse. When a pati
Page 305 and 306:
VocabularyIndextest rube (ML 48). A
Page 307 and 308:
_.,,:,. I _. , ,( * , ),), OI.,I‘
Page 309 and 310:
Haemoglobin g%increasinganaemiavery
Page 311 and 312:
“-;
Page 313 and 314:
10 11 12These are fresh unstained w
Page 315 and 316:
30 31 32 33Plasmodium malariae. 30.
Page 317 and 318:
51 and 52. These are the same speci
Page 319 and 320:
65 66 67All the ova on this page ar
Page 321 and 322:
,;^3ROTOZOA. ETC. IN THE STOOLS PLA
Page 323:
101 102101. This shows red staining
show all

MICROFICHE REFERENCE LIBRARY

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?