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moky001ilentlameYred hota largecylinder kof bottledQas Y-ML50turned so thatthe hole isopen and gasmixed withair is burning0,ML60-reducing valvealveL hang up the spanner anail through this holetop ot cylmderTHESE THREE PICTURES SHOW THE BURNER‘Labogaz’WHEN IT HAS BEEN TAKEN TO PIECES‘---Bunsen burner3 place where the Bunsen HOLDER-h&s .._.I fnr .-. air -.. h,,mnr C,..n..le i” . -collar fixing - to mix with gasscrewgas adjustingscrewBUNSENBURNERmholderthe spike is in hereit comes out to make ahole in the tin as theBunsen burner is screwedinFig. 3-2Gas and the Bunsen burner
The Bunsen burner 1 3.5the tin drawn in Picture L. These tins are full of liquidgas under high pressure. They fit into the holder drawnin Picture M and are held by the arms. The Bunsenburner drawn in Picture N screws into the top of theholder. At the bottom of the Bunsen burner is a blackrubber washer, and in the middle of this washer is asharp steel spike or point. As the Bunsen burner isscrewed into the holder the spike comes out of thewasher and makes a hole in the tin. The rubber washerstops the gas getting out and keeps it inside the burner.The gas adjusting screw adjusts the height of the &meand turns the burner off completely when it is not beingused. The collar has a hole in it to let air mix with thegas, just as in the Bunsen burner described in the nextsection. The collar is fixed with a collar-fixing screw.There are three things to remember in using the‘Labogaz’ burner.ALWAYS UNSCREW THE BURNER BEFOREFI-ITING A NEW TIN OF GAS INTO THEHOLDER. Screw the Bunsen burner into the holderafter the tin has been put inside it. If the Bunsen burner isscrewed into the holder before you put the tin of gas intoit, all the gas will come out. It may catch alight and bevery dangerous.DON’T TAKE A TIN OUT OF THE HOLDERUNTIL THE TIN IS EMPTY. DON’T UNSCREWTHE BUNSEN BURNER UNTIL THE TIN ISEMPTY.3.5 The Bunsen burner (FIGURE 3-2)Look for the Bunsen burner in Pictures A, B, and C. Youwill see that it has a metal collar with a hole in it. Acollar is something that goes round something, just as thecollar of a shirt goes round your neck. This collar can beturned round the main tube of the Bunsen burner. At oneposition (place) the hole in the collar comes opposite ahole in the main tube of the burner. This hole lets air gointo the main tube of the burner to mix with gas comingfrom the cylinder. The mixture of air and gas bums atthe top of the main tube. Picture B shows the Bunsenburning with the hole shut. No air is getting to the maintube, and the pure gas is burning with a tall, smoky,yellow, silent, cool flame. Picture C shows the collarturned with the hole open. Air is getting into the maintube, and the mixture of air and gas is burning with ashort, smokeless, clear, noisy, hot flame. If the hole ishalf open the burner will bc silent, but otherwise theflame will be like that in Picture C. Adjust your Bunsenburner by turning the collar until the flame is hot, clean(no smoke), and sileht.In Picture C you will see that there are two wire loopsin the flame. These loops are described in Section 3.10.Loop Y is near the bottom of the flame, and you will seethat there is a cool piece of the wire in the middle of theflame. This part of the loop is cool because it is in thecool mixture of gas and air which has not yet burned. Atboth sides of this cool piece a short piece of the wire isred hot. These red hot places have\ been drawn deeplyblack in this picture.Loop X is sloping and is higher up in the flame of theBunsen burner. It is red hot right through, and there isno cool place in the middle. Whenever you flame yourloop. put it towards the top of the Bunsen flame whereloop X is, or a bit higher. You will read more about howto flame your loop in Section 3.10..3.6 ElectricityIt is useful to have mains electricity to provide light forthe laboratory. Mains electricity is electricity whichcomes from outside the laboratory. As well as lightingthe laboratory, it can be used to provide light for amicroscope lamp, a Grey wedge photometer, an EELcalorimeter, or an electric centrifuge. Many laboratorieswill not have mains electricity and will have to get electricityfrom a car battery instead. This can also be u&dto run an electric centrifuge (Model X, ML 12 1, Choice4, Section 13.17). Microscope lamps are described inSection 6.11 and the Grey wedge photometer in Section5.11.3.7 Using the battery of a Land-Rover (FIGURE 3-3)The easiest way to use the electricity of a car battery is totake it from the battery of a car which is standing still.This is especially useful when a Land-Rover takes adoctor or medical assistant to hold a clinic at a distantplace-a mobile (moving) clinic. The Land-Rover hasspecial sockets (holes) on its dashboard where metalplugs can be put in to use the electriclcy of the 12 voltbattery. A plug-is something which can be pushed into ahole. The dashboard is the place where the instrumentsare in a car. A volt is a measure of the strength ofelectricity. A microscope or a centrifuge can thus beused very easily at a mobile clinic. Special plugs can bebought, but the bare ends of wire can be pushed into thesesockets and held there with matchsticks. FIGURE 3-3shows the sockets on the dashboard of a Land-Rover.Plugs have been pushed into the sockets, and wires areleading outside the window into a hut. The driver of theLand-Rover is using an Olympus microscope to look atthe stools for hookworm. He is using a 12-volt bulb inhis microscope lamp (ML 30k). The medical assistantand the two nurses he brought with him are looking atthe patients.The battery of any car can be used, but the wires willhave to be joined up specially because most cars do nothave sockets on their dashboards.3.6 Using spare car batteries. The Honda generatorIt may be impossible to use the battery of a car which isstanding still. But it may be possible to use a spare
Page 1 and 2: AT MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBRARYA proj
Page 3 and 4: This book aims to bring the mini~mu
Page 5 and 6: To all those who might soeasily be
Page 7 and 8: Oxford University Press, E& House,
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceThere is believed to be a ne
Page 11 and 12: ContentsChapter1. INTRODUCTION1.1 H
Page 13 and 14: ContentsPAS. 8.10 Testing for sulph
Page 15 and 16: How to use this book 1 1.11 1 Intro
Page 17 and 18: Honesty and responsibility 1 1.2bes
Page 19 and 20: Some special words 1 1.3with. A row
Page 21 and 22: Centrifuging and filtering 1 1.5/th
Page 23 and 24: Cells 1 1.9the pH is about Il. At p
Page 25 and 26: Micro-organisms 1 1 .l 1made from t
Page 27 and 28: Stains 1 1.16difficult to see. We u
Page 29 and 30: Stklization 1 1.20This kills all th
Page 31 and 32: The pressure cooker 1 1.21The 3-way
Page 33 and 34: Laboratory infection 1 1.23the plun
Page 35 and 36: 2 1 Equipment andChemicals2.1 The e
Page 37 and 38: Special equipment in the main list
Page 39 and 40: Special equipment in the main list
Page 41 and 42: .I‘:; ‘1 :....’ ;.,. . .I, _(
Page 43 and 44: Chemicals 1 2.4heating things on th
Page 45 and 46: Stock and spares 1 2.6chamber 0.1 m
Page 47 and 48: 3.1 Benches and shelvesThere are ma
Page 49: P,,,.” y- ,.* 9.; _, ,,.Bottled g
Page 53 and 54: .,;-./I ,__( .if you have no diamon
Page 55 and 56: Making and using Pasteur pipettes 1
Page 57 and 58: Some practical details 1 3.11and in
Page 59 and 60: Washing equipment 1 3.12Find a piec
Page 61 and 62: Stains and reagents 1 3.15Keep all
Page 63 and 64: Buffers 1 3.20aa wash bottle and th
Page 65 and 66: Buffers 1 3.253.25 MAKING CRYSTAL V
Page 67 and 68: Buffers 1 3.37/fill the bottle with
Page 69 and 70: A description of Figure 3-11 1 3.46
Page 71 and 72: _.:;:;r- ^>,< ’ “- , _:’ , ,,
Page 73 and 74: 4 1 Records and Specimens4.1 Record
Page 75 and 76: ; -. . . _specimen is lahelled and
Page 77 and 78: “‘MAKING A SEQUESTRENEPOLYTUBEA
Page 79 and 80: Cross infection and syringe jaundic
Page 81 and 82: : 1 _;;:.,.“ -. y ‘, ;Send&g sp
Page 83 and 84: 5 1 Weighing and MeasuringWEIGHT5.1
Page 85 and 86: The Ohaus triple beam balance 1 ‘
Page 87 and 88: : ,!“&;‘.: ; ), : IIPipettes a
Page 89 and 90: I’- >- Why and how we measure col
Page 91 and 92: The Lovibond comparator 1 5.10THE L
Page 93 and 94: The ‘Grey wedge’ 1 5.11The wedg
Page 95 and 96: Ii’ used for the blood urea. THE
Page 97 and 98: -Measuring colour with electricity
Page 99 and 100: Oxyhaemoglobin methods 1 5.2T arefr
Page 101 and 102:
When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22This i
Page 103 and 104:
When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22BEFORE
Page 105 and 106:
6 1 The Microscope6.1 The pm your m
Page 107 and 108:
How a microscope works 1 6.2may not
Page 109 and 110:
FROM ON TOPTHE CONDENSERB FROM THE
Page 111 and 112:
‘z:.! y,*. 4:f.‘> &&jg;y: -: r_
Page 113 and 114:
The objectives j 6.7all these are t
Page 115 and 116:
.i’i (. 1. ” .The eyepiece 1 6.
Page 117 and 118:
., -.-Lights for the microscope 1 6
Page 119 and 120:
Knowing your microscope 1 6.13foeos
Page 121 and 122:
Specimens of poor contrast 1 6.15ey
Page 123 and 124:
Troubles with microscopes 1 6.166.1
Page 125 and 126:
Some ‘DOS’ and ‘Don’ts’ i
Page 127 and 128:
.,:‘=--L&,??6;,* >.: -- ,I i .~:.
Page 129 and 130:
The haematocrit 7.2If you do. you w
Page 131 and 132:
z -.The haematocrit 1 7.2instrument
Page 133 and 134:
An anaemia chart for the ‘Under F
Page 135 and 136:
Causes of anaemia 1 7.5both the hae
Page 137 and 138:
The thin blood film 1 7.11pale conj
Page 139 and 140:
7 1 BloodA film is always too thick
Page 141 and 142:
Faults in a thin blood film 1 7.13T
Page 143 and 144:
Platelets 1 7.15NEUTROPHILMETAMYELO
Page 145 and 146:
How blood cells are formed in the m
Page 147 and 148:
The red cells of anaemic patients a
Page 149 and 150:
The differential white cell count 1
Page 151 and 152:
What ahaemoglobinopathy is 1 7.24ME
Page 153 and 154:
Two solubility methods for haemoglo
Page 155 and 156:
Sickle-cell anaemia and the sickle-
Page 157 and 158:
THE TOTAL WHITE CELL COUNT7.29 Coun
Page 159 and 160:
Counting white cells 1 7.29THESE AR
Page 161 and 162:
What an abnormal total white cell c
Page 163 and 164:
I1.‘.)?6),.I~_I/” ,1,~ Why a th
Page 165 and 166:
Ilymphocyteb 0 ayoung trophozoites
Page 167 and 168:
P.vivax P.malariae P.falciparum P.o
Page 169 and 170:
Sleeping sickness or trypanosomiasi
Page 171 and 172:
A concentration method ! 7.38for ex
Page 173 and 174:
The ESR 1 7.39make several of these
Page 175 and 176:
1”ig; I , _ :-!. * ip ’ _Make s
Page 177 and 178:
,.,;+fi :_ . .2 The blood sugar 1 7
Page 179 and 180:
,,:Measuring the plasma acetone wit
Page 181 and 182:
8 1 Urine8.1 A clean specimen of ur
Page 183 and 184:
“:. * -,y,: .&$.,i.:, .’ ; I 1
Page 185 and 186:
;,‘-j_‘. ..‘I I: ^I .p-: 1.
Page 187 and 188:
,- ;>. .-:I_. -.._). Jaundice and s
Page 189 and 190:
p-7-- -~- -by’ ”I!$: ‘-/!& Ii
Page 191 and 192:
Testingthe urine for sulphones1 8.1
Page 193 and 194:
_/Looking at the centrifuged deposi
Page 195 and 196:
aliSCH!STOSOME OVA 3deadSchistosoma
Page 197 and 198:
Three kinds of movement 1 8.148.14
Page 199 and 200:
Looking for the ova of Schistosoma
Page 201 and 202:
Diagnosing meningitis 1 9.3IF THE P
Page 203 and 204:
Equipment for lum’bar puncture 1
Page 205 and 206:
Cells 1 9.9of CSF to flow out of th
Page 207 and 208:
Stained films 1 9.11protein that yo
Page 209 and 210:
,(The CSF protein 1 9.1316 and 17.
Page 211 and 212:
i r: .,_‘.,i, I,>‘,i,.2c:,, y-,
Page 213 and 214:
Cerebral mil-aria 1 9.20blood has g
Page 215 and 216:
The saline stool smear 1 10.2aent t
Page 217 and 218:
,L- ;.:
Page 219 and 220:
spin the suspensionfor about five m
Page 221 and 222:
testtube-I piece ofSellotapelay the
Page 223 and 224:
;: “,Some common ova1 10.5Trichur
Page 225 and 226:
important thing about these organis
Page 227 and 228:
E. histolytica and E. co/i 1 10.7E.
Page 229 and 230:
.-.i- ; .>_; ,’ .:Identifying E.
Page 231 and 232:
Measuring the pH of a stool and tes
Page 233 and 234:
,-?‘,C ,:-. 1,I”.&‘.;-,__,-_
Page 235 and 236:
find a purulent(pus like) pieceof t
Page 237 and 238:
Examining the sputum for helminth o
Page 239 and 240:
this is the centrifuged depositfrom
Page 241 and 242:
Classifying leprosy 1 11 .l laIn no
Page 243 and 244:
Classifying leprosy 1 11.1 laThese
Page 245 and 246:
‘,y,d+“,> &^-”,.,-:>. I -_’
Page 247 and 248:
$i&i: :: -&ll _ ~*”ii’1~11’ 1
Page 249 and 250:
-.,‘&A, ,1 ’ .C’. ‘--Lymph
Page 251 and 252:
‘ h-7 1‘, ,,.->$ ,’ .: 1,:. +
Page 253 and 254:
This chapter makes extensive use of
Page 255 and 256:
this is a tube of \anti-A serum, it
Page 257 and 258:
.bthis is awash-IvlttlPof salinewit
Page 259 and 260:
Cross-matching or compatibility tes
Page 261 and 262:
Rhesus grouping 1 12.712.7 Rhesus g
Page 263 and 264:
guard tubethis rubber discgoes insi
Page 265 and 266:
B,>Sharpening needles 1 12.10Rubber
Page 267 and 268:
The pilot bottle 1 12.11ment and st
Page 269 and 270:
Taking blood 1 12.12this pair of fo
Page 271 and 272:
The Uganda Mobile Team 1 12.13Red C
Page 273 and 274:
I-;.~: : ,.,!r’-Storing blood: th
Page 275 and 276:
13 1 For Pathologists, Stores Offic
Page 277 and 278:
Upgrading peripheral laboratories 1
Page 279 and 280:
,.‘. ,. .”Gelieral stores requi
Page 281 and 282:
,h,,.-.ISpecialequipmentin the main
Page 283 and 284:
,, . .ML 50ML5 1ML 52ML 53ML 54ML 5
Page 285 and 286:
:~!16; ,z..: ;.,,,j, .,, ,I__ ,”F
Page 287 and 288:
I
Page 289 and 290:
Choice 13. ‘Dextrostix’ 1 13.26
Page 291 and 292:
p... ‘,( I’ ‘8a..:g& >,&Ii II
Page 293 and 294:
VocabularyIndexautoclave. A machine
Page 295 and 296:
Vocabulary Indexcy~toplasm. IIe com
Page 297 and 298:
VocabularyIndexGram’s method. A w
Page 299 and 300:
Vocabularyindexmeasuring qiinder (M
Page 301 and 302:
Vocabulary IndexPlasmodium, fatcipa
Page 303 and 304:
VocabularyIndexrelapse. When a pati
Page 305 and 306:
VocabularyIndextest rube (ML 48). A
Page 307 and 308:
_.,,:,. I _. , ,( * , ),), OI.,I‘
Page 309 and 310:
Haemoglobin g%increasinganaemiavery
Page 311 and 312:
“-;
Page 313 and 314:
10 11 12These are fresh unstained w
Page 315 and 316:
30 31 32 33Plasmodium malariae. 30.
Page 317 and 318:
51 and 52. These are the same speci
Page 319 and 320:
65 66 67All the ova on this page ar
Page 321 and 322:
,;^3ROTOZOA. ETC. IN THE STOOLS PLA
Page 323:
101 102101. This shows red staining
show all

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