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7,i’ .I2 1 Equipment and ChemicalsI‘_,4. A spirit lamp is easy to use, but how would YOUlook after it? .5. What figures are there on your thermometer, andwhat do they mean?6. What different kinds of phosphate are there, andhow do they differ?7. What do copper sulphate, iodine, ferric chloride,sodium nitroprusside, and phenol look like?8. Formaldehyde, xylol, methanol, and ethanol allhave other names. Do you know them?9. What are the differences between absolute alcohol,surgical spirit, and methylated spirit?10. What specially important things must you rememberwhen you are working with (a) ether, (6) potassiumcyanide, (c) sulphuric acid?
3.1 Benches and shelvesThere are many things to do before specimens can belooked at in a laboratory. This chapter tells you how todo them.The first thing to think about is a room for the laboratory.This should be a special room where only laboratorywork is done, but, if you have no special room, youcan use part of a room which is used for something else.Many health centres have no special room for a laboratory;but almost every health centre can fmd space for ashort bench, and there is always plenty of room forshelves. An important part of a laboratory is its bench.This is a big table and is shown in FIGURE 3-l 1. Thebench must be wide enough and the right height. 75 cmis a good width and is also a good height for a bench. Ifyou have not got a bench use a table. You can do all thetests described here on quite a short bench or table, butyou must have plenty of shelves. on which to put theequipment. Keep everything yoz‘ can on shelves so thatyour bench or table is clear to work on. Just above thebench the shelves should be narrow, say, 15 cm for thefirst shelf. Further above the bench shelves can be wider,say, 20 cm for the second shelf and 30 cm for the third.The first shelf should be 30 cm above the bench and thethree shelves 45 cm apart. Under the bench there is roomfor a drawer, and there is also space for another shelf ifyou want one. The length of the bench needed dependsupon how many laboratory workers there are. Eachworker only needs about 6 feet of bench.Before you use a new bench always see that it is wellcovered with polish. If you have nothing else use a mixtureof candle wax and parat&. A well-polished benchwill not stain or get marked so easily.bench with two pipettes across it joined by rubber tubes.A four-gallon petrol tin cut in half can also be used, asshown in Picture B. If a tin or bucket is used for stainingslides it will only fill up slowly.Put two pieces of glass tube (ML 5 1) across the sink,the tin or the bucket to make a staining rack for slides.These tubes are to hold slides while they are beingstained and must be about two inches apart. If you wantto know how to cut glass tube, look at Section 3.9. Thesetubes must be horizontal, so that the stain is the samedepth all over the slide, as shown in Picture A, FIGURE3- 1. The best way to hold these tubes is to use specialmetal bars with levelling screws which rest on the benchat each side of the sink. These are shown in Picture F,but they are not really necessary. You can use stickingplaster (surgical adhesive tape or ‘strapping’) or awooden block, or two nails. If you are using a tin as asink, cut the edges of the tin so that the tubes lie flat asshown in Picture B. You will have to borrow a pair of tinshears (tin scissors) to cut the tin. With these cut holes ornotches in the edge of the tin so thatthe tubes can rest inthem and lie flat. Cut away the front of the tin so that youcan get a spirit lamp or a lighted swab underneath theslides to warm them in the Ziehl-Neelsen method (seeSection 11.1). If you use a plastic bucket, cut the edge ofthe bucket with a knife in the same way so that there is aplace for the tubes to lie in. Stick the rods to the bucketwith a piece of sticking plaster as in Picture D. If youhave many slides to stain by the Ziehl-Neelsen methodyou may find it useful to put more than two bars acrossyour sink or your tin.You can wash up dirty glassware (anything made ofglass) in any sink. Washing up can also be done in abucket out-of-doors.3.2 Sinks and staining (FIGURE 3- 1)You will want two sinks, one on the bench for stainingand one somewhere else for washing up specimen bottles,etc. The best kind of sink for staining is the specialsquare laboratory one that you will see in Picture F. Butyou can use a bucket as shown in Picture C and inFI'JURE 3- 11. Some people use an enamel basin set in the3.3 Water (FIGURE 3- 1)You must have water, but it need not be running water.All the methods in this book can be done with waterfrom a bucket. Underneath the bench in FIGURE 3.11 aretwo buckets, one is for clean water and the other is fordirty water. Water is taken from the clean bucket with a
Page 1 and 2: AT MICROFICHEREFERENCELIBRARYA proj
Page 3 and 4: This book aims to bring the mini~mu
Page 5 and 6: To all those who might soeasily be
Page 7 and 8: Oxford University Press, E& House,
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceThere is believed to be a ne
Page 11 and 12: ContentsChapter1. INTRODUCTION1.1 H
Page 13 and 14: ContentsPAS. 8.10 Testing for sulph
Page 15 and 16: How to use this book 1 1.11 1 Intro
Page 17 and 18: Honesty and responsibility 1 1.2bes
Page 19 and 20: Some special words 1 1.3with. A row
Page 21 and 22: Centrifuging and filtering 1 1.5/th
Page 23 and 24: Cells 1 1.9the pH is about Il. At p
Page 25 and 26: Micro-organisms 1 1 .l 1made from t
Page 27 and 28: Stains 1 1.16difficult to see. We u
Page 29 and 30: Stklization 1 1.20This kills all th
Page 31 and 32: The pressure cooker 1 1.21The 3-way
Page 33 and 34: Laboratory infection 1 1.23the plun
Page 35 and 36: 2 1 Equipment andChemicals2.1 The e
Page 37 and 38: Special equipment in the main list
Page 39 and 40: Special equipment in the main list
Page 41 and 42: .I‘:; ‘1 :....’ ;.,. . .I, _(
Page 43 and 44: Chemicals 1 2.4heating things on th
Page 45: Stock and spares 1 2.6chamber 0.1 m
Page 49 and 50: P,,,.” y- ,.* 9.; _, ,,.Bottled g
Page 51 and 52: The Bunsen burner 1 3.5the tin draw
Page 53 and 54: .,;-./I ,__( .if you have no diamon
Page 55 and 56: Making and using Pasteur pipettes 1
Page 57 and 58: Some practical details 1 3.11and in
Page 59 and 60: Washing equipment 1 3.12Find a piec
Page 61 and 62: Stains and reagents 1 3.15Keep all
Page 63 and 64: Buffers 1 3.20aa wash bottle and th
Page 65 and 66: Buffers 1 3.253.25 MAKING CRYSTAL V
Page 67 and 68: Buffers 1 3.37/fill the bottle with
Page 69 and 70: A description of Figure 3-11 1 3.46
Page 71 and 72: _.:;:;r- ^>,< ’ “- , _:’ , ,,
Page 73 and 74: 4 1 Records and Specimens4.1 Record
Page 75 and 76: ; -. . . _specimen is lahelled and
Page 77 and 78: “‘MAKING A SEQUESTRENEPOLYTUBEA
Page 79 and 80: Cross infection and syringe jaundic
Page 81 and 82: : 1 _;;:.,.“ -. y ‘, ;Send&g sp
Page 83 and 84: 5 1 Weighing and MeasuringWEIGHT5.1
Page 85 and 86: The Ohaus triple beam balance 1 ‘
Page 87 and 88: : ,!“&;‘.: ; ), : IIPipettes a
Page 89 and 90: I’- >- Why and how we measure col
Page 91 and 92: The Lovibond comparator 1 5.10THE L
Page 93 and 94: The ‘Grey wedge’ 1 5.11The wedg
Page 95 and 96: Ii’ used for the blood urea. THE
Page 97 and 98:
-Measuring colour with electricity
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Oxyhaemoglobin methods 1 5.2T arefr
Page 101 and 102:
When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22This i
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When an EEL goes wrong 1 5.22BEFORE
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6 1 The Microscope6.1 The pm your m
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How a microscope works 1 6.2may not
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FROM ON TOPTHE CONDENSERB FROM THE
Page 111 and 112:
‘z:.! y,*. 4:f.‘> &&jg;y: -: r_
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The objectives j 6.7all these are t
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.i’i (. 1. ” .The eyepiece 1 6.
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., -.-Lights for the microscope 1 6
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Knowing your microscope 1 6.13foeos
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Specimens of poor contrast 1 6.15ey
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Troubles with microscopes 1 6.166.1
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Some ‘DOS’ and ‘Don’ts’ i
Page 127 and 128:
.,:‘=--L&,??6;,* >.: -- ,I i .~:.
Page 129 and 130:
The haematocrit 7.2If you do. you w
Page 131 and 132:
z -.The haematocrit 1 7.2instrument
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An anaemia chart for the ‘Under F
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Causes of anaemia 1 7.5both the hae
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The thin blood film 1 7.11pale conj
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7 1 BloodA film is always too thick
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Faults in a thin blood film 1 7.13T
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Platelets 1 7.15NEUTROPHILMETAMYELO
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How blood cells are formed in the m
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The red cells of anaemic patients a
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The differential white cell count 1
Page 151 and 152:
What ahaemoglobinopathy is 1 7.24ME
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Two solubility methods for haemoglo
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Sickle-cell anaemia and the sickle-
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THE TOTAL WHITE CELL COUNT7.29 Coun
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Counting white cells 1 7.29THESE AR
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What an abnormal total white cell c
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I1.‘.)?6),.I~_I/” ,1,~ Why a th
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Ilymphocyteb 0 ayoung trophozoites
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P.vivax P.malariae P.falciparum P.o
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Sleeping sickness or trypanosomiasi
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A concentration method ! 7.38for ex
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The ESR 1 7.39make several of these
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1”ig; I , _ :-!. * ip ’ _Make s
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,.,;+fi :_ . .2 The blood sugar 1 7
Page 179 and 180:
,,:Measuring the plasma acetone wit
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8 1 Urine8.1 A clean specimen of ur
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“:. * -,y,: .&$.,i.:, .’ ; I 1
Page 185 and 186:
;,‘-j_‘. ..‘I I: ^I .p-: 1.
Page 187 and 188:
,- ;>. .-:I_. -.._). Jaundice and s
Page 189 and 190:
p-7-- -~- -by’ ”I!$: ‘-/!& Ii
Page 191 and 192:
Testingthe urine for sulphones1 8.1
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_/Looking at the centrifuged deposi
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aliSCH!STOSOME OVA 3deadSchistosoma
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Three kinds of movement 1 8.148.14
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Looking for the ova of Schistosoma
Page 201 and 202:
Diagnosing meningitis 1 9.3IF THE P
Page 203 and 204:
Equipment for lum’bar puncture 1
Page 205 and 206:
Cells 1 9.9of CSF to flow out of th
Page 207 and 208:
Stained films 1 9.11protein that yo
Page 209 and 210:
,(The CSF protein 1 9.1316 and 17.
Page 211 and 212:
i r: .,_‘.,i, I,>‘,i,.2c:,, y-,
Page 213 and 214:
Cerebral mil-aria 1 9.20blood has g
Page 215 and 216:
The saline stool smear 1 10.2aent t
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,L- ;.:
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spin the suspensionfor about five m
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testtube-I piece ofSellotapelay the
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;: “,Some common ova1 10.5Trichur
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important thing about these organis
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E. histolytica and E. co/i 1 10.7E.
Page 229 and 230:
.-.i- ; .>_; ,’ .:Identifying E.
Page 231 and 232:
Measuring the pH of a stool and tes
Page 233 and 234:
,-?‘,C ,:-. 1,I”.&‘.;-,__,-_
Page 235 and 236:
find a purulent(pus like) pieceof t
Page 237 and 238:
Examining the sputum for helminth o
Page 239 and 240:
this is the centrifuged depositfrom
Page 241 and 242:
Classifying leprosy 1 11 .l laIn no
Page 243 and 244:
Classifying leprosy 1 11.1 laThese
Page 245 and 246:
‘,y,d+“,> &^-”,.,-:>. I -_’
Page 247 and 248:
$i&i: :: -&ll _ ~*”ii’1~11’ 1
Page 249 and 250:
-.,‘&A, ,1 ’ .C’. ‘--Lymph
Page 251 and 252:
‘ h-7 1‘, ,,.->$ ,’ .: 1,:. +
Page 253 and 254:
This chapter makes extensive use of
Page 255 and 256:
this is a tube of \anti-A serum, it
Page 257 and 258:
.bthis is awash-IvlttlPof salinewit
Page 259 and 260:
Cross-matching or compatibility tes
Page 261 and 262:
Rhesus grouping 1 12.712.7 Rhesus g
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guard tubethis rubber discgoes insi
Page 265 and 266:
B,>Sharpening needles 1 12.10Rubber
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The pilot bottle 1 12.11ment and st
Page 269 and 270:
Taking blood 1 12.12this pair of fo
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The Uganda Mobile Team 1 12.13Red C
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I-;.~: : ,.,!r’-Storing blood: th
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13 1 For Pathologists, Stores Offic
Page 277 and 278:
Upgrading peripheral laboratories 1
Page 279 and 280:
,.‘. ,. .”Gelieral stores requi
Page 281 and 282:
,h,,.-.ISpecialequipmentin the main
Page 283 and 284:
,, . .ML 50ML5 1ML 52ML 53ML 54ML 5
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:~!16; ,z..: ;.,,,j, .,, ,I__ ,”F
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I
Page 289 and 290:
Choice 13. ‘Dextrostix’ 1 13.26
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p... ‘,( I’ ‘8a..:g& >,&Ii II
Page 293 and 294:
VocabularyIndexautoclave. A machine
Page 295 and 296:
Vocabulary Indexcy~toplasm. IIe com
Page 297 and 298:
VocabularyIndexGram’s method. A w
Page 299 and 300:
Vocabularyindexmeasuring qiinder (M
Page 301 and 302:
Vocabulary IndexPlasmodium, fatcipa
Page 303 and 304:
VocabularyIndexrelapse. When a pati
Page 305 and 306:
VocabularyIndextest rube (ML 48). A
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_.,,:,. I _. , ,( * , ),), OI.,I‘
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Haemoglobin g%increasinganaemiavery
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“-;
Page 313 and 314:
10 11 12These are fresh unstained w
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30 31 32 33Plasmodium malariae. 30.
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51 and 52. These are the same speci
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65 66 67All the ova on this page ar
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,;^3ROTOZOA. ETC. IN THE STOOLS PLA
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101 102101. This shows red staining
show all

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