Is Python a

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IndexSymbols# comments, 279% (remainder/format) operator, 96& (bitwise and) operator, 96* (multiplication) operator, 96... prompt, 37/ (division) operator, 96: colon, 204, 291> (shift right operator), 96>>> input prompt, 35, 37^ (bitwise exclusive or) operator, 96| (bitwise or) operator, 96Aabs function, 106absolute imports, 431access-by-key files, 182_ _add_ _ method, 475, 492addition, right-sided, 502aggregation, 523AI programming, 12all functionbuilt-insall function, 264_ _all_ _ variable, 427and operator, 96, 243anonymous functions, 344–349any function, 264Apache, 13apply function, 350–351apply-like call syntax, 351arbitrary arguments, 333arbitrary scope nesting, 326argument passing, 310–343argument-matching modes, 339argumentsapplying functions to, 350arbitrary, 333assigning names inside a function doesn’taffect the caller, 326changing a mutable object argument in afunction may impact the caller, 326combining keywords and defaults, 335defaults, 333general-set functions, 338immutable, are passed by value, 327keyword passing, 351keywords, 332, 340matching modesdefaults, 331keywords, 330positionals, 330varargs, 331min wakeup call, 336mutable, are passed by pointer, 327mutable, avoiding changes, 329passed by assignment, 330passed by automatically assigning objectsto local names, 326passed to functions, 301shared references and, 327special, matching modes, 330unpacking, 334We’d like to hear your suggestions for improving our indexes. Send email to index@oreilly.com.681
ArithmeticError (built-in exception), 609assert statement, 203, 575, 595–596trapping constraints, 595AssertionError, 595assigned names, 312, 372assignment statements, 202, 217–227augmented, 219forms, 218multiple-target, 219properties, 217sequence, 218–222advanced patterns, 220tuple- and list-unpacking, 218assignments, 401augmented, 223–225advantages, 224shared references, 225classifying names, 506–508inside class statements, 466multiple-target, 222shared references, 222passing arguments by, 330associative arrays, 160attribute names, 313attribute references, 313catching, 498attribute tree construction, 487AttributeError exception, 499attributes, 387–389, 630class, 487changing, 559–560defs, 483instances, 487names, 506pseudoprivate, 543–545why use, 544references, 483augmented assignments, 219, 223–225advantages, 224shared references, 225automatic extensions on Windows, 40automatic memory management, 14Bbackquotes expression, 136_ _bases_ _ attribute, 509behavior (objects), 466bitwise operator, 96bitwise shift, numbers, 103blank lines, 239block boundaries, 239, 240block rule special case, 209bool data type, 109Boolean operatorsnumbers, 103Booleans, 87, 109, 246bound instance method objects, 534bound methods, 536break statement, 202, 250_ _builtin_ _ module, 106, 312, 314built-in typesclasses derived from, 546extending, 539–543by embedding, 540by subclassing, 540–543why use, 66built-ins, 312, 630_ _dict_ _ attribute, 508_ _import_ _ function, 394, 439_ _main_ _ module, 434_ _name_ _ attribute, 428abs function, 106any function, 264apply function, 350–351AttributeError exception, 499chr function, 355converting types manually, 98dict constructor call, 270dictionaries (see dictionaries)dir function, 49, 73, 279docstrings (see docstrings)enumerate function, 271eval, 27eval function, 338exec, 27execfile('module.py') function, 50False name, 109files (see files)filter function, 356int function, 105, 212iter function, 262, 362len function, 70, 300list function, 119, 175, 264lists (see lists)long integers, 104map function, 260, 263, 269, 352–353,366mathematical functions, 95NotImplementedError exception, 490number literals, 95number tools, 106object types, 14open function, 85, 300operator module, 354682 | Index
Page 2 and 3:
Learning Python
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THIRD EDITIONLearning PythonMark Lu
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To Vera.You are my life.
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3. How You Run Programs . . . . . .
Page 12 and 13:
5. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8. Lists and Dictionaries . . . . .
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Statement rule special cases 208Blo
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Iterators: A First Look 258File Ite
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Scopes and Nested Functions 320Nest
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How Imports Work 3891. Find It 390T
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Brain Builder 445Chapter Quiz 445Qu
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25. Designing with Classes . . . .
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Preface1This book provides an intro
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In addition, this entire edition in
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This book is designed to be an intr
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Part I, Getting StartedWe begin wit
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Preparing for Python 3.0The first a
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• In the iterator protocol, the X
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We appreciate, but do not require,
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It’s been a long and winding road
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PART II.Getting Started
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Developer productivityPython boosts
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Is Python a “Scripting Language
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Who Uses Python Today?At this writi
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(both Classic and OS X). A free ext
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Gaming, Images, AI, XML, Robots, an
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Besides the language interpreter it
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Python Is Engineering, Not ArtWhen
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world, the truth is that Python cre
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B RAINB UILDERChapter QuizIn this e
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ChapterCHAPTER22How Python Runs Pro
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Because installation details are so
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If Python cannot write the byte cod
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Python Implementation AlternativesR
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Roughly, while your program runs, P
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Future Possibilities?Finally, note
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ChapterCHAPTER33How You Run Program
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Here, the last two lines typed are
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un it again without retyping it fro
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Using Command Lines and FilesRunnin
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In this case, you don’t need the
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The raw_input TrickUnfortunately, o
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In simple terms, every file of Pyth
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Alternatively, you can fetch (reall
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Because of these complications (and
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Figure 3-3. The main Python shell w
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start occasionally on some Windows
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Embedding CallsAt this point, we’
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Which Option Should I Use?With all
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6. IDLE can still be hung by some t
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5. Errors. Experiment with typing m
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Chapter 4CHAPTER 4Introducing Pytho
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Python’s Core Data TypesTable 4-1
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print the result—with more than 3
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In a slice, the left bound defaults
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S = 'spam'>>> S.upper( ) # Upper- a
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msg'\naaaaaaaaaaaaa\nbbb\'\'\'bbbbb
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M.reverse( )>>> M['cc', 'bb', 'aa']
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diag = [M[i][i] for i in [0, 1, 2]]
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ec['job'][-1] # Index the nested li
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on any object that is a sequence an
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TuplesThe tuple object (pronounced
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Other Core TypesBeyond the core typ
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def lastName(self):return self.name
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B RAINB UILDERChapter QuizWe’ll e
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Chapter 5CHAPTER 5Numbers5This chap
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Hexadecimal and octal literalsThe r
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Mixed Operators Follow Operator Pre
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Numbers in ActionProbably the best
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(2.0 + a) # Auto echo output: more
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(9 / 3), (9.0 / 3), (9 // 3), (9 //
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Hexadecimal and Octal NotationAs me
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The random module can be useful for
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Such operations are convenient when
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. What i
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Python to use the name a as a varia
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However, that’s not really what
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Names References Objectsa=3b=aa 3bF
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changes, they can impact other part
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import sys>>> sys.getrefcount(1) #
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Chapter 7CHAPTER 7Strings7The next
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Single- and Double-Quoted Strings A
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Some escape sequences allow you to
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Triple Quotes Code Multiline Block
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Because Unicode is designed to hand
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Notice that operator overloading is
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• Indexing (S[i]) fetches compone
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Why You Will Care: SlicesThroughout
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Such conversions can be used in con
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The third example again inserts thr
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eply = """Greetings...Hello %(name)
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S = 'spammy'>>> S = S[:3] + 'xx' +
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can pull out its components by spli
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x'aspambspamcspam'To access the sam
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Can th
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Variable-length, heterogeneous, and
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espond to all of the general sequen
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Both index and slice assignments ar
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In some types of programs, the list
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Tables of object references (hash t
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Later in this chapter and book, you
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Dictionaries also provide a copy me
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Here, it looks as if D is a 100-ite
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Other ways to make dictionariesFina
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Name t
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Of the category immutable sequenceL
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T = tuple(tmp) # Make a tuple from
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Table 9-2. Common file operations (
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F.write('%s,%s,%s\n' % (X, Y, Z)) #
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We get back an equivalent dictionar
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Why You Will Care: Operator Overloa
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We studied this phenomenon in Chapt
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For instance, a comparison of list
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Python also provides a special obje
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Because types can be subclassed in
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Beware of Cyclic Data StructuresWe
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ca
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c. Finally, how does Python handle
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PART IIIIII.Statements and Syntax
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Python’s StatementsTable 10-1 sum
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What Python AddsThe one new syntax
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Why Indentation Syntax?The indentat
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My point is that even when a langua
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prints, function calls, and the lik
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Armed with this information, we can
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an except part that gives the excep
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. What t
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• Implicit assignments: import, f
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In fact, the original tuple and lis
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Notice that this code is using the
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Augmented assignments have three ad
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Reserved words are off-limitsNames
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Expression StatementsIn Python, you
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Table 11-5. print statement formsOp
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The print >> file ExtensionThis tri
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In Python 3.0, the print statement
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ChapterCHAPTER1212if Tests 12This c
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If you’ve used languages like C o
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As you’ve seen, there are no vari
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• Triple-quoted string literals c
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[ ] or 33>>> [ ] or { }{ }In the fi
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of Python 2.5. Again, though, you s
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ChapterCHAPTER1313while and for Loo
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Finally, notice that Python doesn
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Because continue jumps to the top o
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print 'Ni'breakx = x[1:]else:print
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ExamplesLet’s type a few for loop
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Note that this example is easier to
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eadlines loads a file all at once i
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Moreover, the iterator version has
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We saw the sorted function used her
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Although such range results may be
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To really change the list as we mar
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Dictionary construction with zipIn
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List Comprehensions: A First LookIn
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and add it to the result list. Agai
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. When i
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ChapterCHAPTER1414The Documentation
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Only some of the many names are dis
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Note that you will generally want t
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FILE(built-in)DESCRIPTIONThis modul
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too). Enter the name of a module yo
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Figure 14-3. PyDoc can serve up doc
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Figure 14-4. Python’s standard ma
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• Use simple for loops instead of
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. When s
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if found:print 'at index', ielse:pr
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Chapter 15CHAPTER 15Function Basics
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In this chapter, we will explore ho
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def Executes at RuntimeThe Python d
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Polymorphism in PythonAs we just sa
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s1 = "SPAM">>> s2 = "SCAM">>> inter
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In all cases, the scope of a variab
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lambdas, then the global (G) scope,
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have to import it in order to inspe
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Here, x, y, and z are all globals i
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Here again, the best prescription i
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Notice that the global declaration
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Retaining enclosing scopes’ state
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def makeActions( ):... acts = []...
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Python’s pass-by-assignment schem
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Avoiding Mutable Argument ChangesAr
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Defaults: specify values for argume
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DefaultsWe talked a little about de
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func(*args)1 2 3 4Similarly, the **
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if arg < res:res = argreturn resdef
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def union(*args):res = []for seq in
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For both scopes and arguments, we a
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Quiz Answers1. The output here is '
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Function objects returned by runnin
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a dictionary becomes a more general
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What wasn’t illustrated in the pr
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around this, simply build up the ar
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Moreover, map can be used in more a
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Together with map, filter and reduc
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... if x % 2 == 0:... res.append(x)
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List comprehensions are powerful to
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Why You Will Care: List Comprehensi
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If you want to see what is going on
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for key in D:... print key, D[key].
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I’ve mentioned a few times that l
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For more insight, try modifying the
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seen some of these uses in earlier
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...>>> selector( )99Remember, thoug
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Functions Without returnsIn Python
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B RAINB UILDERPart IV ExercisesIn t
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Package this code as a reusable fun
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Chapter 18CHAPTER 18Modules: The Bi
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How to Structure a ProgramGenerally
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in any other programs you may write
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Home directoryPython first looks fo
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Module file selectionKeep in mind t
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Because this last import step actua
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How do
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ecause if is a reserved word—when
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As one consequence, because top-lev
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Like all assignments, the from stat
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Files Generate NamespacesSo, how do
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Qualification is really an expressi
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X = 1import mod2print X,print mod2.
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• Reloads impact all clients that
Page 458 and 459:
Although we’ve already seen enoug
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Chapter 20CHAPTER 20Module Packages
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dir0\dir1\dir2\mod.pyand an import
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import dir1.dir2.mod # Later import
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A Tale of Three SystemsThe only tim
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Also, notice in the install hierarc
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
from * copies out all names, the im
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Unit Tests with _ _name_ _In fact,
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of a running Python program, and so
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This defines a package named mypkg
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• Modules should rarely change ot
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We’ve also provided self-test log
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To get around this, you need to use
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from module import X. . .reload(mod
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import typesdef status(module):prin
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Page 492:
5. Package imports. Import your fil
Page 496 and 497:
Chapter 22CHAPTER 22OOP: The Big Pi
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Customization via inheritanceClasse
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ecause the search proceeds bottom-u
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• Each class statement generates
Page 504 and 505:
The _ _init_ _ method is known as t
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This is yet another instance of the
Page 508 and 509:
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Chapter 23CHAPTER 23Class Coding Ba
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A First ExampleLet’s turn to a re
Page 514 and 515:
Although less common, we could even
Page 516 and 517:
Z (instance)- datais-aSecondClass-
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foster object interfaces that are m
Page 520 and 521:
Specially named methods such as _ _
Page 522 and 523:
Really, these instances have no att
Page 524 and 525:
B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ar
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 24CHAPTER 24Class Coding De
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Here, because the name spam is assi
Page 530 and 531:
always go through self to fetch or
Page 532 and 533:
In Python, inheritance happens when
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This extension coding pattern is al
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def delegate(self):self.action( )de
Page 538 and 539:
All operator overloading methods ar
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def _ _iter_ _(self): # Get iterato
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class SkipIterator:def _ _init_ _(s
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makes age look like a real attribut
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class addrepr(adder): # Inherit _ _
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class Prod:... def _ _init_ _(self,
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You’ll also see another _ _call_
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principle translates to code, and s
Page 554 and 555:
To help you understand how attribut
Page 556 and 557:
X._ _dict_ _{'data1': 'spam', 'data
Page 558 and 559:
every attribute in the instance. It
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JonesTrace through the code in this
Page 562 and 563:
6. Printing sue ultimately runs the
Page 564 and 565:
Overloading by Call Signatures (or
Page 566 and 567:
mark = Person('ml', 'trainer')>>> d
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Employee does stuffChef makes foodS
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def processor(reader, converter, wr
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Because composition is a design iss
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Multiple InheritanceIn a class stat
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if __name__ == "_ _main_ _":X = Sub
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Why Factories?So what good is the f
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On the other hand, if we qualify th
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docstr.func._ _doc_ _'I am: docstr.
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Chapter 26CHAPTER 26Advanced Class
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This change allows you to customize
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explored in Chapter 5; this type pr
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class C2:def metha(self): self._ _X
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Diamond inheritance exampleTo illus
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ensures that your code won’t vary
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x = classic( )>>> x.age # Runs _ _g
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class attributes instead of instanc
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such methods, classes call the buil
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Python provides some built-in funct
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Class GotchasMost class issues can
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in which we list them in the class
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A better alternative would be to re
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Name t
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c. Is there a general way to route
Page 614 and 615:
The order simulation works as follo
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Why You Will Care: OOP by the Maste
Page 618:
PART VIIVII.Exceptions and Tools
Page 621 and 622:
Why Use Exceptions?In a nutshell, e
Page 623 and 624:
However, if we ask this function to
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... print 'after fetch'...'m'after
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except , :except (name3, name4):exc
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uns the statements under the first
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def gosouth(x):print gobad(x, 0)gos
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• If an exception does occur duri
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The code in this statement’s main
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When this code is run, the followin
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the globals reside in. Passing extr
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traps programming errors itself, th
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The Context Management ProtocolThe
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Notice that this class’ _ _exit_
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ChapterCHAPTER2828Exception Objects
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Class-Based ExceptionsStrings are a
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Why Class Exceptions?Because there
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But this workaround might catch mor
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except StandardError:...handle Pyth
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def parser( ):... # when error foun
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aise instanceraise class, instance#
Page 661 and 662:
B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ar
Page 663 and 664:
try:func1()except E:...def func1():
Page 665 and 666:
Really, this code just sets up the
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Functions Signal Conditions with ra
Page 669 and 670:
At the end of this chapter, we’ll
Page 671 and 672:
For example, scripts normally exit
Page 673 and 674:
String Exceptions Match by Identity
Page 675 and 676: The Python ToolsetFrom this point f
Page 677 and 678: DoctestThe doctest standard library
Page 679 and 680: To learn about other large-scale Py
Page 681 and 682: B RAINB UILDERPart VII ExercisesAs
Page 684 and 685: Appendix AAPPENDIX AInstallation an
Page 686 and 687: When installed on Windows, Python a
Page 688 and 689: These variables are straightforward
Page 690 and 691: eboot your machine for the changes
Page 692 and 693: Python’s search path. The .pyc fi
Page 694 and 695: S = "ham">>> "eggs " + S'eggs ham'>
Page 696 and 697: 4. Tuple assignment. The values of
Page 698 and 699: 9. Immutable types. Either of the f
Page 700 and 701: a => 1b => 2c => 3d => 4e => 5f =>
Page 702 and 703: 3. varargs. Two alternative adder f
Page 704 and 705: 7. More argument-matching examples.
Page 706 and 707: es[1.4142135623730951, 2.0, 3.0, 4.
Page 708 and 709: % python myclient.py13 346As for th
Page 710 and 711: % python>>> from adder import *>>>
Page 712 and 713: Note that it’s important to copy
Page 714 and 715: My solution to the multiple-operand
Page 716 and 717: class Customer:def _ _init_ _(self)
Page 718 and 719: if _ _name_ _ == '_ _main_ _': doom
Page 720 and 721: allsizes.sort( )print allsizes[:2]p
Page 722 and 723: win = Tk( )L = Label(win, text='Spa
Page 724 and 725: # CGI client-side script to interac
Page 728 and 729: ord function, 355pow function, 353r
Page 730 and 731: delegation, 527-528, 556descriptor
Page 732 and 733: Part I - Modules, 646Part I - Progr
Page 734 and 735: Hhandler, 578“has-a” relationsh
Page 736 and 737: Kkeyed-access files, 86KeyError (bu
Page 738 and 739: imports and reloads, 45-50example,
Page 740 and 741: overloading by call signatures, 519
Page 742 and 743: cross-file changes, minimizing, 318
Page 744 and 745: Tkinter, 9, 31environment setting,
Page 746: About the AuthorMark Lutz is the wo
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