Is Python a

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Hhandler, 578“has-a” relationship, 523hash tables, 161hashes, 160“hello world” program, 230help function, 74, 283–285hexadecimalliterals, 94, 105octal literals and, 95home directory, 391HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 10I_ _iadd_ _ method, 492icons, clicking, 42–45limitations, 45raw_input, 44–45Windows, 42IDEs, 632Eclipse, 55IDLE (see IDLE user interface)Komodo, 55PyDev, 55PythonCard, 55PythonWin, 55WingIDE, 55IDLE Run Module menu option, 50IDLE text editor, 40IDLE user interface, 50–54, 632advanced tools, 54clear-screen option, 53connection errors, 53customizing, 53debugger, 54nested modules, 53repeating prior commands, 52running file of code that you areediting, 51running scripts, 53single-process mode, 53source code files, 51Start button menu for Python, 51starting IDLE on Windows, 51syntax-directed colorization, 51threaded programs, 53Tkinter GUI, 51, 53usability features, 54if statements, 236–247basic examples, 237general format, 236multiway branching, 237–239if/elif/else statement, 202if/else ternary expression, 244imaginary numbers, 104immutability (strings), 71implementation alternatives, 28–29CPython, 28IronPython, 29Jython, 28import as extension, 431_ _import_ _ function, 394, 439import hooks, 393import statement, 45–50, 202, 387–389,389–395, 399.pth file directories, 391advanced module selection concepts, 393compiling, 394from statement and, 402happening only once, 400home directory, 391importing by name string, 438module file selection, 393modules, 385multiple imports, 46namespaces, 49PYTHONPATH directories, 391relative syntax, 431–434running, 394standard library directories, 391sys.path list, 392usage notes, 49using extensions or paths, 292when required, 404in membership test, 248, 260, 263, 276in operator, 96indentation, 291end of, 205rule, 206–208IndexError exception, 494, 578indexing, 123indexing expressions, 70indirect calls, 370Informix, 11inheritance, 452, 469–472, 483, 486–491,518abstract superclasses, 490attribute inheritance search, 453–455attribute tree construction, 487class interface techniques, 489classes inherit attributes from theirsuperclasses, 469customization via, 453diamond pattern change, 546–549Index | 689
inheritance (continued)example, 547explicit conflict resolution, 547each object.attribute reference invokesnew, independent search, 469example, 470–471extension coding pattern, 489hierarchy, 451instances inherit attributes from allaccessible classes, 469logic changes are made by subclassing,not by changing superclasses, 469modeling real-worldrelationships, 521–523mulitple, 560–561multiple, 529–531redefining inherited names, 488specializing inherited methods, 488superclasses listed in parentheses in classheader, 469tree-searching model, 488_ _init_ _ constructor logic, 605_ _init_ _ method, 458, 475, 492_ _init_ _.py files, 416input prompt, 35installation and configuration, 23, 639–645checking to see if Python is alreadyinstalled, 639configuring Python, 641–645DOS variables, 644environment variable settings, 642path files, 645setting options, 644shell variables, 644Windows options, 645installation steps, 640installing Python interpreter, 639–641where to fetch Python, 639instance methods, 555instances, 454, 455_ _class_ _ attribute, 509attributes, 487emulating privacy, 499–500multiple, 452sending extra data and behaviorin, 611–613int function, 105, 136, 212integers, 94literals, 94log, 103numeric precision and long integers, 94integrated development environment (seeIDEs)integrationcomponents, 10with C, 15interactive coding, 34–37testing code, 36interactive loops, 210–214doing math on user inputs, 211nested code, 214simple, 210testing inputs, 212interactive promptcompound statements, 37indentation, 37prompt changes, 37testing code at, 36using, 37interactive testing, 441intercepting instance-indexingoperations, 493interfaces, programming, 9internationalization, 130Internet scripting, 10Internet, utility modules, 10interpreter, 22–24conventions, 227intersect function, 307introspection, 435IronPython, 11, 29is not operator, 96is operator, 96“is-a” links, 522_ _lt_ _ method, 492iter function, 262, 362_ _iter_ _ method, 493–498iterationsalternatives, 366–369timing, 366overloading, 493protocol, 83, 261strings, 133iterators, 360–366built-in types and, 364generator expressions, 365user-defined, 494–498multiple iterators on one object, 496Jjoin method, 146, 264just-in-time (JIT) compiler, 30Jython, 10, 28690 | Index
Page 2 and 3:
Learning Python
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THIRD EDITIONLearning PythonMark Lu
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To Vera.You are my life.
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3. How You Run Programs . . . . . .
Page 12 and 13:
5. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . .
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8. Lists and Dictionaries . . . . .
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Statement rule special cases 208Blo
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Iterators: A First Look 258File Ite
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Scopes and Nested Functions 320Nest
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How Imports Work 3891. Find It 390T
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Brain Builder 445Chapter Quiz 445Qu
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25. Designing with Classes . . . .
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Preface1This book provides an intro
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In addition, this entire edition in
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This book is designed to be an intr
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Part I, Getting StartedWe begin wit
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Preparing for Python 3.0The first a
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• In the iterator protocol, the X
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We appreciate, but do not require,
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It’s been a long and winding road
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PART II.Getting Started
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Developer productivityPython boosts
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Is Python a “Scripting Language
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Who Uses Python Today?At this writi
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(both Classic and OS X). A free ext
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Gaming, Images, AI, XML, Robots, an
Page 59 and 60:
Besides the language interpreter it
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Python Is Engineering, Not ArtWhen
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world, the truth is that Python cre
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B RAINB UILDERChapter QuizIn this e
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ChapterCHAPTER22How Python Runs Pro
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Because installation details are so
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If Python cannot write the byte cod
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Python Implementation AlternativesR
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Roughly, while your program runs, P
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Future Possibilities?Finally, note
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ChapterCHAPTER33How You Run Program
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Here, the last two lines typed are
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un it again without retyping it fro
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Using Command Lines and FilesRunnin
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In this case, you don’t need the
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The raw_input TrickUnfortunately, o
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In simple terms, every file of Pyth
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Alternatively, you can fetch (reall
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Because of these complications (and
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Figure 3-3. The main Python shell w
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start occasionally on some Windows
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Embedding CallsAt this point, we’
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Which Option Should I Use?With all
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6. IDLE can still be hung by some t
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5. Errors. Experiment with typing m
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Chapter 4CHAPTER 4Introducing Pytho
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Python’s Core Data TypesTable 4-1
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print the result—with more than 3
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In a slice, the left bound defaults
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S = 'spam'>>> S.upper( ) # Upper- a
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msg'\naaaaaaaaaaaaa\nbbb\'\'\'bbbbb
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M.reverse( )>>> M['cc', 'bb', 'aa']
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diag = [M[i][i] for i in [0, 1, 2]]
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ec['job'][-1] # Index the nested li
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on any object that is a sequence an
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TuplesThe tuple object (pronounced
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Other Core TypesBeyond the core typ
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def lastName(self):return self.name
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B RAINB UILDERChapter QuizWe’ll e
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Chapter 5CHAPTER 5Numbers5This chap
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Hexadecimal and octal literalsThe r
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Mixed Operators Follow Operator Pre
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Numbers in ActionProbably the best
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(2.0 + a) # Auto echo output: more
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(9 / 3), (9.0 / 3), (9 // 3), (9 //
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Hexadecimal and Octal NotationAs me
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The random module can be useful for
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Such operations are convenient when
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. What i
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Python to use the name a as a varia
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However, that’s not really what
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Names References Objectsa=3b=aa 3bF
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changes, they can impact other part
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import sys>>> sys.getrefcount(1) #
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Chapter 7CHAPTER 7Strings7The next
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Single- and Double-Quoted Strings A
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Some escape sequences allow you to
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Triple Quotes Code Multiline Block
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Because Unicode is designed to hand
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Notice that operator overloading is
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• Indexing (S[i]) fetches compone
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Why You Will Care: SlicesThroughout
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Such conversions can be used in con
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The third example again inserts thr
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eply = """Greetings...Hello %(name)
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S = 'spammy'>>> S = S[:3] + 'xx' +
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can pull out its components by spli
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x'aspambspamcspam'To access the sam
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Can th
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Variable-length, heterogeneous, and
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espond to all of the general sequen
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Both index and slice assignments ar
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In some types of programs, the list
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Tables of object references (hash t
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Later in this chapter and book, you
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Dictionaries also provide a copy me
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Here, it looks as if D is a 100-ite
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Other ways to make dictionariesFina
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Name t
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Of the category immutable sequenceL
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T = tuple(tmp) # Make a tuple from
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Table 9-2. Common file operations (
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F.write('%s,%s,%s\n' % (X, Y, Z)) #
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We get back an equivalent dictionar
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Why You Will Care: Operator Overloa
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We studied this phenomenon in Chapt
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For instance, a comparison of list
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Python also provides a special obje
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Because types can be subclassed in
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Beware of Cyclic Data StructuresWe
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ca
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c. Finally, how does Python handle
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PART IIIIII.Statements and Syntax
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Python’s StatementsTable 10-1 sum
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What Python AddsThe one new syntax
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Why Indentation Syntax?The indentat
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My point is that even when a langua
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prints, function calls, and the lik
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Armed with this information, we can
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an except part that gives the excep
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. What t
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• Implicit assignments: import, f
Page 265 and 266:
In fact, the original tuple and lis
Page 267 and 268:
Notice that this code is using the
Page 269 and 270:
Augmented assignments have three ad
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Reserved words are off-limitsNames
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Expression StatementsIn Python, you
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Table 11-5. print statement formsOp
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The print >> file ExtensionThis tri
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In Python 3.0, the print statement
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ChapterCHAPTER1212if Tests 12This c
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If you’ve used languages like C o
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As you’ve seen, there are no vari
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• Triple-quoted string literals c
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[ ] or 33>>> [ ] or { }{ }In the fi
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of Python 2.5. Again, though, you s
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ChapterCHAPTER1313while and for Loo
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Finally, notice that Python doesn
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Because continue jumps to the top o
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print 'Ni'breakx = x[1:]else:print
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ExamplesLet’s type a few for loop
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Note that this example is easier to
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eadlines loads a file all at once i
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Moreover, the iterator version has
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We saw the sorted function used her
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Although such range results may be
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To really change the list as we mar
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Dictionary construction with zipIn
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List Comprehensions: A First LookIn
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and add it to the result list. Agai
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. When i
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ChapterCHAPTER1414The Documentation
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Only some of the many names are dis
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Note that you will generally want t
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FILE(built-in)DESCRIPTIONThis modul
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too). Enter the name of a module yo
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Figure 14-3. PyDoc can serve up doc
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Figure 14-4. Python’s standard ma
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• Use simple for loops instead of
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. When s
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if found:print 'at index', ielse:pr
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Chapter 15CHAPTER 15Function Basics
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In this chapter, we will explore ho
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def Executes at RuntimeThe Python d
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Polymorphism in PythonAs we just sa
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s1 = "SPAM">>> s2 = "SCAM">>> inter
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In all cases, the scope of a variab
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lambdas, then the global (G) scope,
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have to import it in order to inspe
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Here, x, y, and z are all globals i
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Here again, the best prescription i
Page 366 and 367:
Notice that the global declaration
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Retaining enclosing scopes’ state
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def makeActions( ):... acts = []...
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Python’s pass-by-assignment schem
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Avoiding Mutable Argument ChangesAr
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Defaults: specify values for argume
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DefaultsWe talked a little about de
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func(*args)1 2 3 4Similarly, the **
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if arg < res:res = argreturn resdef
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def union(*args):res = []for seq in
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For both scopes and arguments, we a
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Quiz Answers1. The output here is '
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Function objects returned by runnin
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a dictionary becomes a more general
Page 394 and 395:
What wasn’t illustrated in the pr
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around this, simply build up the ar
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Moreover, map can be used in more a
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Together with map, filter and reduc
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... if x % 2 == 0:... res.append(x)
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List comprehensions are powerful to
Page 406 and 407:
Why You Will Care: List Comprehensi
Page 408 and 409:
If you want to see what is going on
Page 410 and 411:
for key in D:... print key, D[key].
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I’ve mentioned a few times that l
Page 414 and 415:
For more insight, try modifying the
Page 416 and 417:
seen some of these uses in earlier
Page 418 and 419:
...>>> selector( )99Remember, thoug
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Functions Without returnsIn Python
Page 422 and 423:
Page 424 and 425:
B RAINB UILDERPart IV ExercisesIn t
Page 426:
Package this code as a reusable fun
Page 430 and 431:
Chapter 18CHAPTER 18Modules: The Bi
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How to Structure a ProgramGenerally
Page 434 and 435:
in any other programs you may write
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Home directoryPython first looks fo
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Module file selectionKeep in mind t
Page 440 and 441:
Because this last import step actua
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B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How do
Page 444 and 445:
ecause if is a reserved word—when
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As one consequence, because top-lev
Page 448 and 449:
Like all assignments, the from stat
Page 450 and 451:
Files Generate NamespacesSo, how do
Page 452 and 453:
Qualification is really an expressi
Page 454 and 455:
X = 1import mod2print X,print mod2.
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• Reloads impact all clients that
Page 458 and 459:
Although we’ve already seen enoug
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Chapter 20CHAPTER 20Module Packages
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dir0\dir1\dir2\mod.pyand an import
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import dir1.dir2.mod # Later import
Page 466 and 467:
A Tale of Three SystemsThe only tim
Page 468 and 469:
Also, notice in the install hierarc
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
from * copies out all names, the im
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Unit Tests with _ _name_ _In fact,
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of a running Python program, and so
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This defines a package named mypkg
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• Modules should rarely change ot
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We’ve also provided self-test log
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To get around this, you need to use
Page 486 and 487:
from module import X. . .reload(mod
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import typesdef status(module):prin
Page 490 and 491:
Page 492:
5. Package imports. Import your fil
Page 496 and 497:
Chapter 22CHAPTER 22OOP: The Big Pi
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Customization via inheritanceClasse
Page 500 and 501:
ecause the search proceeds bottom-u
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• Each class statement generates
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The _ _init_ _ method is known as t
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This is yet another instance of the
Page 508 and 509:
Page 510 and 511:
Chapter 23CHAPTER 23Class Coding Ba
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A First ExampleLet’s turn to a re
Page 514 and 515:
Although less common, we could even
Page 516 and 517:
Z (instance)- datais-aSecondClass-
Page 518 and 519:
foster object interfaces that are m
Page 520 and 521:
Specially named methods such as _ _
Page 522 and 523:
Really, these instances have no att
Page 524 and 525:
B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ar
Page 526 and 527:
Chapter 24CHAPTER 24Class Coding De
Page 528 and 529:
Here, because the name spam is assi
Page 530 and 531:
always go through self to fetch or
Page 532 and 533:
In Python, inheritance happens when
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This extension coding pattern is al
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def delegate(self):self.action( )de
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All operator overloading methods ar
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def _ _iter_ _(self): # Get iterato
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class SkipIterator:def _ _init_ _(s
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makes age look like a real attribut
Page 546 and 547:
class addrepr(adder): # Inherit _ _
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class Prod:... def _ _init_ _(self,
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You’ll also see another _ _call_
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principle translates to code, and s
Page 554 and 555:
To help you understand how attribut
Page 556 and 557:
X._ _dict_ _{'data1': 'spam', 'data
Page 558 and 559:
every attribute in the instance. It
Page 560 and 561:
JonesTrace through the code in this
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6. Printing sue ultimately runs the
Page 564 and 565:
Overloading by Call Signatures (or
Page 566 and 567:
mark = Person('ml', 'trainer')>>> d
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Employee does stuffChef makes foodS
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def processor(reader, converter, wr
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Because composition is a design iss
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Multiple InheritanceIn a class stat
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if __name__ == "_ _main_ _":X = Sub
Page 578 and 579:
Why Factories?So what good is the f
Page 580 and 581:
On the other hand, if we qualify th
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docstr.func._ _doc_ _'I am: docstr.
Page 584 and 585:
Chapter 26CHAPTER 26Advanced Class
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This change allows you to customize
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explored in Chapter 5; this type pr
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class C2:def metha(self): self._ _X
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Diamond inheritance exampleTo illus
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ensures that your code won’t vary
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x = classic( )>>> x.age # Runs _ _g
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class attributes instead of instanc
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such methods, classes call the buil
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Python provides some built-in funct
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Class GotchasMost class issues can
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in which we list them in the class
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A better alternative would be to re
Page 610 and 611:
B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. Name t
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c. Is there a general way to route
Page 614 and 615:
The order simulation works as follo
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Why You Will Care: OOP by the Maste
Page 618:
PART VIIVII.Exceptions and Tools
Page 621 and 622:
Why Use Exceptions?In a nutshell, e
Page 623 and 624:
However, if we ask this function to
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... print 'after fetch'...'m'after
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except , :except (name3, name4):exc
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uns the statements under the first
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def gosouth(x):print gobad(x, 0)gos
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• If an exception does occur duri
Page 635 and 636:
The code in this statement’s main
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When this code is run, the followin
Page 639 and 640:
the globals reside in. Passing extr
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traps programming errors itself, th
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The Context Management ProtocolThe
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Notice that this class’ _ _exit_
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ChapterCHAPTER2828Exception Objects
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Class-Based ExceptionsStrings are a
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Why Class Exceptions?Because there
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But this workaround might catch mor
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except StandardError:...handle Pyth
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def parser( ):... # when error foun
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aise instanceraise class, instance#
Page 661 and 662:
B RAINB UILDERChapter Quiz1. How ar
Page 663 and 664:
try:func1()except E:...def func1():
Page 665 and 666:
Really, this code just sets up the
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Functions Signal Conditions with ra
Page 669 and 670:
At the end of this chapter, we’ll
Page 671 and 672:
For example, scripts normally exit
Page 673 and 674:
String Exceptions Match by Identity
Page 675 and 676:
The Python ToolsetFrom this point f
Page 677 and 678:
DoctestThe doctest standard library
Page 679 and 680:
To learn about other large-scale Py
Page 681 and 682:
B RAINB UILDERPart VII ExercisesAs
Page 684 and 685: Appendix AAPPENDIX AInstallation an
Page 686 and 687: When installed on Windows, Python a
Page 688 and 689: These variables are straightforward
Page 690 and 691: eboot your machine for the changes
Page 692 and 693: Python’s search path. The .pyc fi
Page 694 and 695: S = "ham">>> "eggs " + S'eggs ham'>
Page 696 and 697: 4. Tuple assignment. The values of
Page 698 and 699: 9. Immutable types. Either of the f
Page 700 and 701: a => 1b => 2c => 3d => 4e => 5f =>
Page 702 and 703: 3. varargs. Two alternative adder f
Page 704 and 705: 7. More argument-matching examples.
Page 706 and 707: es[1.4142135623730951, 2.0, 3.0, 4.
Page 708 and 709: % python myclient.py13 346As for th
Page 710 and 711: % python>>> from adder import *>>>
Page 712 and 713: Note that it’s important to copy
Page 714 and 715: My solution to the multiple-operand
Page 716 and 717: class Customer:def _ _init_ _(self)
Page 718 and 719: if _ _name_ _ == '_ _main_ _': doom
Page 720 and 721: allsizes.sort( )print allsizes[:2]p
Page 722 and 723: win = Tk( )L = Label(win, text='Spa
Page 724 and 725: # CGI client-side script to interac
Page 726 and 727: IndexSymbols# comments, 279% (remai
Page 728 and 729: ord function, 355pow function, 353r
Page 730 and 731: delegation, 527-528, 556descriptor
Page 732 and 733: Part I - Modules, 646Part I - Progr
Page 736 and 737: Kkeyed-access files, 86KeyError (bu
Page 738 and 739: imports and reloads, 45-50example,
Page 740 and 741: overloading by call signatures, 519
Page 742 and 743: cross-file changes, minimizing, 318
Page 744 and 745: Tkinter, 9, 31environment setting,
Page 746: About the AuthorMark Lutz is the wo
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