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Whether we look at the extended family of the developing world, or the nuclear family of the developed one, common to both is a growing tendency towards fragmentation. CHILDREN AT RISK GUIDELINES Another common model, particularly in developing countries, is the patriarchal marriage in which men have dominion over women and children, who are not consulted in decisions that affect them. In the developed world it is the nuclear family rather than the extended unit which is more typical. Other relatives often live many miles away, and the economic links between them are at best tenuous. In this instance the family is more a unit of consumption than of production, and marriage is a product of romance rather than finance or politics. Whether we look at the extended family of the developing world, or the nuclear family of the developed one, common to both is a growing tendency towards fragmentation. AND WHY ARE THEY BREAKING DOWN? According to Marxist analysis, deteriorating economic conditions and decreased welfare support are responsible for undermining the family. But evidence to relate family breakdown with economic factors is decidedly mixed. A study by Victor Fuchs and Diane Reglis, 1992, suggests that when economic growth has slowed down, government expenditure on family welfare has risen, thereby mitigating to a degree at least, the economic impact on families. It seems that changes in cultural values – the new individualism, and its expressions in divorce, out-of-wedlock births, single parenting and careerism – must be considered as well as economic factors. In the post-modern society of the First World the emphasis is on the needs of the individual rather than the group. As a result, even the marriage commitment is seen as tenuous. If one or other of the partners feels their needs are not being fulfilled he or she feels free to end the partnership. Marriage no longer guarantees security for the couple or the children. This increasing emphasis on individuals’ rights is exemplified by the UN Charter for Human Rights. Yet it is essentially a Western philosophy and sits uneasily with attitudes in many non-western countries such as China, where the community often takes precedence over the individual. In developed countries, many of the economic, political and social functions once undertaken by the family have now been assumed by the State, banks and schools. The public and private worlds have become more separated, and the social and economic ties which once bound families together correspondingly weakened. The home, previously seen as the private retreat from a hostile public world, is sometimes now seen as not even that. Some conservatives have felt that women’s entry into the wage economy has in itself led to a breakdown in the family, so they put the responsibility on to women. Others 1 believe the family crisis follows from the fact that men’s commitment to housework 1 Waite and Goldscheider (1991). VOLUME 1: CHILDREN AND FAMILY BREAKDOWN 8
The steady advance of a global culture means that many nations are now inheriting the problems of developed countries. CHILDREN AT RISK GUIDELINES and child care has not kept pace with the growing participation of women in the workforce, so they put the responsibility on to men. Whatever the causes, the steady advance of a global culture means that many nations are now inheriting the problems of developed countries. Conflict and war situations can have a devastating effect on family life. Families can be separated for extended and indefinite periods, there can be loss of life and injury contributing to the stresses (see Children at Risk Guidelines 6: Children in Conflict and War). Political ideologies, too, sometimes wage war against the family unit. In Cambodia, for example, during the Pol Pot era, the family rice pot was broken as a symbol that the new regime would do away with the need for the family. Everything would be provided by the Angkor (the new regime). Migration is frequently a cause of family fragmentation. In many cultures in developing countries it is considered an obligation for a son or daughter to earn an income for their ageing parents. This may mean moving to the city and sending part of the money home. Whilst in many cases people will find legal employment, others may fall into prostitution, for example. Their obligation to their parents is seen to outweigh the activity. In any case, the economic migrant is often alone in a competitive world, deprived of the family support network. There are many explanations for the breakdown of the family and a combination of different factors are no doubt at work. As Christians we also recognise that family breakdown is sometimes a consequence of our choices, of personal as well as corporate sin. WHAT DOES SCRIPTURE SAY ABOUT FAMILIES? What is God’s concern for families in each society? What would God have us promote or discourage, protect or challenge in the area of family life? Scripture does not present a particularly rosy picture of the family. There is fratricide, rape, incest, adultery and murder, as well as love and loyalty both within households and beyond them. The family can be a relationship and an institution where God’s grace is experienced and where people can find nurture and healing. It is a place where they can grow as persons in their individuality, in their social relations, and in their relationship with God. 2 However, like any special relationship and institution, the family can become perverted by sin, with people being disloyal, competing for power and neglecting responsibilities. Sadly, Scripture has at times been misinterpreted by some churches in an attempt to justify such wrong behaviour. 2 Barton (1993). VOLUME 1: CHILDREN AND FAMILY BREAKDOWN 9
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