A Socially Assistive Robot Exercise Coach for the Elderly

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Fasola & Matarić. A SAR Exercise Coach for the ElderlyTable 4. Means, standard deviations, and intercorrelations among dependentmeasures.DependentMeasureGesturecompletion timein secondsPercentage ofgestures wherefeedback wasrequiredTotal exercisesperformed insessionMaximum scorein MemorygameMean(Std. Dev.)CompletionTime2.54 (.89) 1.00FeedbackPercentage8.2% (7.9) .91 1.00TotalExercises100 (18.6) .78 .76 1.00MaximumScore3.11 (1.35) .24 .32 .50 1.00displays the intercorrelations of the four measures, along with the unstandardized meansand standard deviations.To evaluate performance across sessions, we performed a mixed models (multilevel)analysis of variance on the standardized scores of the measures within eachsession. Session is a within-subject factor. Condition, such as whether a physical orvirtual robot led the task, is a between-groups measure. The effect of multiple measureson the same participants was controlled for. The analysis showed that, overall, there is nocondition main effect, but there is a session main effect (performance improved overtime), and there is a significant interaction of condition with session (F[3, 465] = 4.0, p
Fasola & Matarić. A SAR Exercise Coach for the Elderlyfeedback percentage (F[1, 81] = 3.3, p = .07). The other measures do not show significanteffects of condition; for example, total exercises increased notably over sessions in bothconditions (F[3, 93] = 31.99, p < .0001). The plots for average completion time andfeedback percentage are shown in Figures 7 (a) and (b), respectively.Average Completion Time (Workout Game)Completion Time (seconds)43.532.521.510.501 2 3 4SessionPhysicalGroupVirtualGroup(a)Feedback Percentage (Workout Game)Feedback Percentage (Avg.)20%18%16%14%12%10%8%6%4%2%0%1 2 3 4SessionPhysicalGroupVirtualGroup(b)Figure 7. Participant performance results across all four sessions of interaction for bothstudy groups, showing (a) Average gesture completion time (Workout game); (b)feedback percentage (Workout game). Note: Means are least squares means from theANOVA; error bars are standard error. The statistical difference between the physicaland virtual robot in the first session is significant for completion time (p < .01), andmarginally significant for feedback percentage (p = .07), see text.29
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