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92 A FIRST APPENDIX trons than a standard PMT with bialkali photocathode [42]. The collaboration reported in [55] the resolution of a 8x8x30 cm 3 (8x8x23 cm 3 ) crystal coupled to two PMTs (9269A from Electron Tube Ldt., PbCs photocathode, quartz window) as 3.5 % (4.6 %) RMS at 662 keV with a photoelectron yield of 5.6 (4.5) pe/keV. Kim et al. [43] report further resolution (RMS at 662 keV) ranging from 4.0 to 5.6 % of crystal with a length of 30 cm and front and rear surfaces ranging from 55x55 to 70x70 cm 2 , using two 3-in Pmts (ET D726UK). Renker [60] reported energy resolutions of scintillation detectors with APD for LSO crystals of 12.1 % FWHM, 22.4 % FWHM for BGO at 511 keV and 4.3 % FWHM with YAP:Ce crystals at 662 keV. Ikagawa et al. [61] CsI:Tl 10x10x10 mm 3 with Hamamatsu APD S8664- 1010N (10x10 mm 2 ) reached 4.9 % FWHM at 662 keV in comparison with 5.9 % (FWHM at 662 keV) with the PMT R7899EG (Hamamatsu, 1 inch diameter). 28 primary pe/keV were produced in APD. Ikagawa et al. [61] reported that APD can efficiently detect weak scintillation light of big crystals, even if the scintillator and APD size do not match. They couple an APD via a light guide to the rear face of a 48x3x300 mm 3 big BGO plate and reached a energy resolution of 20.9 % (FWHM at 662 keV and -20 ◦ ) in comparison to 7.1 % (FWHM at 662 keV and -20 ◦ ) for a 10x10x10 mm APD and an equal APD. At room temperature (20 ◦ ) the APD readout of the small BGO crystals showed a resolution of 8.3 % and 10.4 % for the PMT readout (FWHM at 662 keV). Asano et al. [62] CWO crystal (5x5x5 mm 3 ) with APD (Hamamatsu S8664-55, 5x5 mm 2 ) and Hamamatsu PMT (R6231HA). Best results were obtained at -30 ◦ C with 6.4 and 7.0 % (FWHM at 662 keV). At 20 ◦ the APD and PMT had resolutions of around 9.2 and 7.6 % (FWHM at 662 keV).
Appendix B SECOND APPENDIX Further plots of ranges of photons discussed in chapter 5.1.1— “Scintillator size” are shown in the next section. A short description of the Geant4 toolkit, Venom and the Scint64 package is given in B.2— “Geant4”. B.1 Scintblock In figure B.1-B.8 the peak and total absorption efficiencies of NaI, CsI, BGO and CWO for photons of different energies are shown. The derived efficiencies are discussed in chapter 5.1.1—“Scintillator size”. 93
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A DESIGN STUDY FOR A COBRA UPGRADE
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I hereby declare that I have create
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vi Abstract
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viii Überblick
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x Contents 4.1.2 Scintillation proc
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xii Contents
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2 1 Introduction The CdZnTe detecto
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4 2 Neutrino physics mass scales no
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6 2 Neutrino physics Ground states
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8 2 Neutrino physics mi: 〈mνe〉
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10 2 Neutrino physics
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12 3 The COBRA experiment CdZnTe (C
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14 3 The COBRA experiment 1420:480:
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16 3 The COBRA experiment Figure 3.
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18 3 The COBRA experiment They are
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20 3 The COBRA experiment Therefore
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22 4 Scintillation detectors search
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24 4 Scintillation detectors Figure
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26 4 Scintillation detectors spectr
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28 4 Scintillation detectors SCINTI
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30 4 Scintillation detectors emissi
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32 4 Scintillation detectors activa
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34 4 Scintillation detectors descri
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38 4 Scintillation detectors group
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Page 64 and 65: 52 5 Scintillator upgrade ergy phys
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Page 70 and 71: 58 5 Scintillator upgrade back side
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Page 98 and 99: 86 6 Summary and future work dimens
Page 100 and 101: 88 A FIRST APPENDIX Scintillator De
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Page 106 and 107: 94 B SECOND APPENDIX Figure B.1: Am
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Page 116 and 117: 104 Bibliography [13] H. V. Klapdor
Page 118 and 119: 106 Bibliography [43] T. Y. Kim et
Page 120: Typeset September 29, 2010
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