optical characterisation of rare-earth doped fluoride and phosphate ...

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178[63] M.-F. Joubert. \Photon avalanche upconversion in rare earth laser materials."Opt. Mat., 11, 181, 1999.[64] D. S. Funk and J. G. Eden. \Glass-ber lasers in the ultraviolet and visible."IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quant. Elec., 1, 784, 1995.[65] J. P. van der Ziel, F. W. Ostermayer, and L. G. Van Uitert. \Infrared Excitationof Visible Luminescence in Y 1Rev. B., 2, 4432, 1970.x Er x F 3 via Resonant Energy Transfer." Phys.[66] R. Rolli, M. Montagna, A. Chiasera, G. C. Righini, S. Pelli, A. Jha, V. K.Tikhomirov, S. A. Tikhomirova, A. Monteil, S. Chaussedent, and M. Ferrari.\A comparative study of the spectroscopic properties at 1.5 m of erbiumactivateduoride and tellurite glasses." Phil. Mag. B., 82, 573, 2002.[67] T. Catunda, L. A. O. Nunes, A. Florez, Y. Messaddeq, and M. A. Aegerter.\Spectroscopic properties and upconversion mechanisms in Er 3+ -doped uoroindateglasses." Phys. Rev. B., 53, 6065, 1996.[68] M. D. Shinn, W. A. Sibley, M. G. Drexhage, and R. N. Brown. \Opticaltransitions of Er 3+ ions in uorozirconate glass." Phys. Rev. B., 27, 6635,1983.[69] C. Florea and K. A. Winick. \Ytterbium-doped glass waveguide laser fabricatedby ion exchange." J. Lightwave Technol., 17, 1593, 1999.[70] A. Florez, Y. Messaddeq, O. L. Malta, and M. A. Aegerter. \Optical transitionprobabilities and compositional dependence of Judd-Ofelt parameters of Er 3+ions in uoroindate glass." J. Alloys Compounds, 227, 135, 1995.[71] R. M. Martin and R. S. Quimby. \Experimental evidence of the validity of theMcCumber theory relating emission and absorption for rare-earth glasses." J.Opt. Soc. B, 23, 1770, 2006.
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OPTICAL CHARACTERISATION OF RARE-EA
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Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsLi
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AcknowledgementsThe work in this th
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viiiList of Publications[1] J. Ward
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xTo the best of our knowledge, this
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xiiWDMWGMZBNAZBLALiPZBLANWavelength
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xiv1.6 Fundamental light-matter int
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xvi3.8 Gain coecient for dierent po
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xviii4.9 Fluorescence slopes and sp
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xxList of Tables1.1 Rigorous select
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2device size (typically < 200 m dia
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4a wider range of materials can exh
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6in Chapter 2: angle-polished bres
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81.2 Whispering Gallery ModesWhispe
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10where j l (h (1)l) are spherical
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12(a)(b)Figure 1.2: Calculated inte
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14parameter, x nl , up to order =
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16coecient of water. There is an a
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18(a) Silica glass(b) ZBLALiP glass
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20eld (Eqn. 1.2) over a quantisatio
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221.7 Spectroscopy of Rare Earth Io
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241.9 Radiative Emission RatesIn th
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261.10 Material Loss Mechanisms in
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28Chapter 2Fabrication of and Coupl
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30Figure 2.1: Microsphere fabricati
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32Figure 2.3:Schematic of (a) taper
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34Figure 2.4: Calculated polish ang
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36bre, the exact electric eld equat
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38Figure 2.6: Poynting vector for a
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40a few dozen tapered bres.As an al
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42Figure 2.7: Schematic of the tape
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44Figure 2.8: Taper prole for a 3 m
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46taper angle, the light in the pro
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48Figure 2.10: Optical micrograph o
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50controlled. The discrete step-siz
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52In recent years, much eort has be
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543.2 ZBLALiP Material PropertiesWe
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56Figure 3.3: Er 3+ energy level di
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58(Avanex, 1998 PLM) with a spectra
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60Figure 3.6: 66 m diameter microsp
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62(a) C-band(b) Pump bandFigure 3.7
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64as Judd-Ofelt (JO) analysis [72]-
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66The total spontaneous radiative t
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68Table 3.2: Predicted radiative tr
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70Figure 3.9: Observed Er 3+ :ZBLAL
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72pumping at 637 nm [77]. The same
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74Figure 3.10: Calculated fraction
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76Figure 3.11: Light in-Light out l
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78representing the Q of the cavity.
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80Figure 3.13: Quality factor measu
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82Chapter 4Thermally Induced Optica
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84especially benecial for C-band la
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86note three distinct emission band
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88therefore a combination of the in
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90This is close to the value of 2.1
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92Figure 4.4: Lasing spectrum for a
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94Figure 4.6: Intensity bistability
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96Figure 4.7: Chromatic switching f
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98equation, given byl = 2n s d 1 +
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100Figure 4.9: Fluorescence slopes
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102and the Kerr eect immediately, b
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104a precise setting for each spher
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106Figure 4.11: Graphical descripti
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108explanation for the peak in the
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110and the associated wheatstone br
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112performance have made them an in
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114laser slightly above threshold.
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116range is shown in Fig. 5.3(a). S
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118Chapter 6ConclusionsThis project
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120work. The reason for choosing 80
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122Appendix ASpectral Characterisat
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In this paper we will give an overv
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1.:1.21.21.11.10.90.60.70.60.90.60.
Page 148 and 149: ⎥⎦2.2 Mode matching between a m
Page 150 and 151: Puill lengtln (iuniuncurrents or ot
Page 152 and 153: 1.6x10 -71.4x10 -7IOG-2intensity (a
Page 154 and 155: 134Appendix BA Heat-and-Pull Rig fo
Page 156 and 157: 083105-2 Ward et al. Rev. Sci. Inst
Page 158 and 159: 083105-4 Ward et al. Rev. Sci. Inst
Page 160 and 161: 140Appendix CUpconversion Channels
Page 162 and 163: 2 The European Physical Journal App
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Page 172 and 173: 152
Page 174 and 175: JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 102, 023
Page 176 and 177: 023104-3 Ward et al. J. Appl. Phys.
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Page 188 and 189: 168
Page 190 and 191: Figure F.1: Electrical wiring diagr
Page 192 and 193: 172[9] J. Z. Zhang and R. K. Chang.
Page 194 and 195: 174[28] C. C. Lam, P. T. Leung and
Page 196 and 197: 176[45] F. Le Kien, J. Q. Liang, K.
Page 200 and 201: 180[81] A. Biswas, G. S. Maciel, C.
Page 202 and 203: 182[98] M. Ajroud, M. Haouari, H. B
Page 204: 184[116] L. Ricci, M. Weidemuller,
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