optical characterisation of rare-earth doped fluoride and phosphate ...

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5 Homemade External Cavity Diode Laser 1115.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115.2 Design and Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1156 Conclusions 118Appendices 122A Spectral Characterisation of Erbium-Doped Microspherical Lasers 122B A Heat-and-Pull Rig for Fiber Taper Fabrication 134C Upconversion Channels in Er:ZBLALiP: a Multi-Color MicrosphericalLight Source 140D An All Fibre-Coupled Multicolor Microspherical Light Source 149E Optical Bistability in Er-Yb co-doped phosphate glass microspheresat room temperature 153F External Cavity Diode Laser Design Files 161Bibliography 171v
Page 1 and 2: OPTICAL CHARACTERISATION OF RARE-EA
Page 3: Table of ContentsAcknowledgementsLi
Page 7 and 8: viito be counted. Any remaining err
Page 9 and 10: ixAbstractThe unique ability of mic
Page 11 and 12: xiGlossary of AcronymsCWECDLEDFAESA
Page 13 and 14: xiiiList of Figures1.1 WGM in a mic
Page 15 and 16: xv2.9 Approximated length-scale del
Page 17 and 18: xvii4.2 Upconversion uorescence spe
Page 19 and 20: F.1 Electrical wiring diagram for t
Page 21 and 22: 1IntroductionOptical glasses are a
Page 23 and 24: 3example, in the case of a typical
Page 25 and 26: 5from the UV ( 250 nm) to the mid-I
Page 27 and 28: 7Chapter 1Optical Properties of Dop
Page 29 and 30: 9Figure 1.1: WGM in a microsphere.
Page 31 and 32: 11The fundamental mode in Fig. 1.3(
Page 33 and 34: 13(a)(b)(c)(d)Figure 1.3: Azimuthal
Page 35 and 36: 15The Q factor is dictated by the l
Page 37 and 38: 17power to the power scattered into
Page 39 and 40: 19An issue closely related to Q fac
Page 41 and 42: 21Figure 1.5: Mode volume for a dop
Page 43 and 44: 23to the 4f electrons.If transition
Page 45 and 46: 25Figure 1.6: Fundamental light-mat
Page 47 and 48: 27which is negative for both uoride
Page 49 and 50: 292.2 Microsphere FabricationAll th
Page 51 and 52: 31Figure 2.2: Scanning Electron Mic
Page 53 and 54: 33The eective index of the resonant
Page 55 and 56:
35propagation constant in the core,
Page 57 and 58:
37(a) Propagation constant at 980 n
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39indicating the satisfactory produ
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41and better torque, which negates
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43where r o is the initial bre radi
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45Figure 2.9: Approximated length-s
Page 67 and 68:
47adiabaticity criterion since the
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49fabrication begins with tapering
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51Chapter 3Ecient Upconversions in
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53Figure 3.1: The theoretical absor
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55(a) UV to visible absorption spec
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57Figure 3.4: Theoretical refractiv
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59Figure 3.5: The experimental setu
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61where A is the absorbance, l is t
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63favourable only when the gain coe
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65a dominant inuence on the electri
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67Table 3.2: Predicted radiative tr
Page 89 and 90:
693.6 Upconversion Fluorescence and
Page 91 and 92:
71use a combination of the energy g
Page 93 and 94:
73decay is dominant, except for the
Page 95 and 96:
75that uorescence slopes less than
Page 97 and 98:
77longer resonance wavelength. In a
Page 99 and 100:
79Figure 3.12: Experimental setup t
Page 101 and 102:
81in Er 3+ :ZBLALiP indicate an att
Page 103 and 104:
83measured as the ratio between upp
Page 105 and 106:
85Figure 4.1: Energy level diagram
Page 107 and 108:
87Figure 4.2:Upconversion uorescenc
Page 109 and 110:
89The emissions detected from the I
Page 111 and 112:
91Figure 4.3: Absorption and emissi
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93hysteretic behaviour and a wide b
Page 115 and 116:
95the 4 F 9=2 red, and 4.7 for the
Page 117 and 118:
97where I is the integrated emissio
Page 119 and 120:
99emission has a bistable response.
Page 121 and 122:
101phase matching between the 1 m d
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103by Gamelin et al.[16] at cryogen
Page 125 and 126:
105Figure 4.10: Schematic of the he
Page 127 and 128:
107detuning can be written as a fun
Page 129 and 130:
109emitting levels 2 H 11=2 and 4 S
Page 131 and 132:
111Chapter 5Homemade External Cavit
Page 133 and 134:
113Figure 5.1: Schematic of the ext
Page 135 and 136:
115The ECDL is mounted on a heavy 5
Page 137 and 138:
117(a) Light-in light-out curve for
Page 139 and 140:
119Scorching or blackening of the m
Page 141 and 142:
121requiring co-doped laser glasses
Page 143 and 144:
Spectral characterisation of erbium
Page 145 and 146:
y assuming the polarization is cons
Page 147 and 148:
⎛⎜⎝1.61.611.41.20.60.6Nk\IMic
Page 149 and 150:
diameter for good phase matching. F
Page 151 and 152:
During all experiments the microsph
Page 153 and 154:
6. T. J. Kippenberg, S. M. Spillane
Page 155 and 156:
REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 77
Page 157 and 158:
083105-3 Heat-and-pull rig Rev. Sci
Page 159 and 160:
083105-5 Heat-and-pull rig Rev. Sci
Page 161 and 162:
EPJ Applied Physics proofs(will be
Page 163 and 164:
D.G. O’Shea et al.: Upconversion
Page 165 and 166:
Page 167 and 168:
Page 169 and 170:
149Appendix DAn All Fibre-Coupled M
Page 171 and 172:
151
Page 173 and 174:
153Appendix EOptical Bistability in
Page 175 and 176:
023104-2 Ward et al. J. Appl. Phys.
Page 177 and 178:
Page 179 and 180:
Page 181 and 182:
161Appendix FExternal Cavity Diode
Page 183 and 184:
163
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165
Page 187 and 188:
167
Page 189 and 190:
169
Page 191 and 192:
171Bibliography[1] E. J. Burkes, J.
Page 193 and 194:
173[18] A. Rodenas, D. Jaque, and J
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175[37] V. B. Braginsky, M. L. Goro
Page 197 and 198:
177[54] A. Grellier, N. K. Zayer, a
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179[72] S. R. Bullock, B. R. Reddy,
Page 201 and 202:
181[90] L. Yang, T. Carmon, B. K. M
Page 203 and 204:
183[107] G. Lei, J. E. Anderson, M.
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