Total Economic Value of Maasai Mau, Trans Mara and Eastern Mau ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

where, T = total values of forest products marketed; Qm = quantity of good extracted; Pm= the forest gate price of good; and C = transaction costs.The mean quantities of own reported values (Qm) for extractable products from eachhousehold per period are converted to annual values. This was done by multiplyingquantities extracted (Qm) by market price of the product (Pm) less transaction costs(Equation 1 above). The total value of the product(s) was the aggregate of the totalnumber of households surveyed and extrapolated for the total population adjacent tothe forest. The method is used in direct use values of forest products such as firewood,timber, poles, water, honey etc. See Appendix 2 for details on calculation procedures.2.1.2 Replacement CostThe main service the downstream communities obtain from the forest is water. Thecommunities use water for domestic use, livestock, for irrigation, mining, and in lodgesand for wildlife. The catchment area determines the water quantity and quality. Wecalculate the value of provision of water by the forest by calculating the cost of thealternative source of water if the Mara River was not to continue supplying the water.The Forests regulate water flows by absorbing and retaining rainwater during the rainseason. The stored water is released slowly that guarantee continuous flow of water inthe rivers. Without the forest, rainwater would flow as flash floods. The alternativesource of water is from boreholes. The cost of sinking a borehole is given in market ratesand reflects willingness to pay by the community. According to IUCN (2002) oneborehole should sustain 300 people and 276 head of livestock (cow equivalent). The costof sinking boreholes was assumed to be equal to the average of the cost of drillingboreholes in six districts of the Mt. Elgon region (Obiri et al., 2009) as US$ 21,185.Annual cost of a borehole = replacement cost + annual borehole maintenance costReplacement cost = cost of construction/life of a boreholeAnnual maintenance cost = cost of water point administration + annual licencefee for water extractionIUCN (2002) provides that boreholes should be depreciated over a five-yearperiod.18
2.1.3 Prices of SubstitutesThe prices of substitutes methods are used to impute value for a good or service whenthere is no developed market or when the market fails to capture its total value(Hufschmidt et al., 1983; Emerton, 2001). The valuation of grazing values used thesubstitute methods of hay equivalent. The same method was also used in thecontribution of the forest soil fertility maintenance in agricultural farms. Because forestsprovide firewood, they give households the opportunity to recycle organic matter intheir farms and thus inorganic fertilizers sold in the market are used to value farmyardmanure.2.1.4 Benefit Transfer ApproachThe benefit transfer approach of valuing forests was used to estimate the value of forestfor biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration using values deduced fromstudies elsewhere. The values used in the benefits transfer approaches were derivedfrom studies done under similar conditions as those of the Mau Forest Complex.a) Valuing Forest for Carbon SequestrationThe threat of deforestation increases the chances of the carbon stored in the three forestblocks being lost. Under the ‘Kyoto rules’, plantations would not count as contributingto carbon sequestration if they would have been undertaken anyway as a profitableventure. The government and a local logging company, Timsales, have planted newplantations in the Eastern Mau. The new forests could be used for carbon trading asthey qualify under the recently adopted REDD+ memorandum signed in Copenhagenin December 2009. These forests have various vegetation cover types: indigenous forests(84%), exotic plantations (7%), grassland and bushlands (6%) and other vegetation typesincluding bamboo (3%). Carbon estimates by Brown and Pearce (1994) show that closedprimary forests have approximately 280 tC/ha, closed secondary forest 115 tC/ha whileagricultural and grassland areas have 63 tC/ha of carbon. These values are lower thanthe estimates of IPCC (2006) and Gibbs (2006), who estimated 618 and 314 tC/harespectively for Kenyan forests. Because some pockets of the Mau forest complex havebeen degraded, although it may appear intact, we used estimates by Gibbs (2006) forKenya of 314 tC/ha for primary forest. The Mau forest blocks can be divided into threeareas. These include areas with primary forests intact, degraded areas and those thathave been turned or are in the process of being turned into permanent agricultural orgrazing lands. Degraded areas have lower carbon levels than the primary areas but19
Page 1 and 2: 2011THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUEOF MAAS
Page 3: Executive SummaryThe Mau Forest Com
Page 9 and 10: 6.0 POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE CURR
Page 11 and 12: Table 4: Roundwood production from
Page 13 and 14: • Widespread perception on resour
Page 15 and 16: Economic valuation of forest goods
Page 17: 2.0 METHODS FOR ESTIMATING ECONOMIC
Page 21 and 22: with interest ranging from the impa
Page 23 and 24: watershed protection functions are
Page 25 and 26: Nakuru. The south-western watershed
Page 27 and 28: 3.0 THE TOTAL ECONOMIC VALUE OF THR
Page 29 and 30: Unit price 100 100 15,700 1,000 1,0
Page 31 and 32: 3.1.2 Direct Use by the Ogiek Commu
Page 33 and 34: The upper catchment of the Mara Riv
Page 35 and 36: the river. Because we did not obtai
Page 37 and 38: The role of the Mara Basin in touri
Page 39: The value of the carbon stock outli
Page 42 and 43: 4.0 ASSESSING THE DISTRIBUTION OF T
Page 44 and 45: We obtained an estimated number of
Page 46 and 47: Figure 4: The distribution of the i
Page 48 and 49: Figure 5: Distribution of benefits
Page 50 and 51: For the local communities living ne
Page 52 and 53: staff in coordination, management a
Page 54 and 55: 6.0 POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE CURR
Page 56 and 57: The Mau forest contains a rich dive
Page 58 and 59: domestic and industrial uses can be
Page 60 and 61: Table 11: The impacts of current st
Page 62 and 63: 8. Resettling the Ogiek community a
Page 64 and 65: economic conditions exist for local
Page 66 and 67: Innovative conservation incentives
Page 68 and 69:
to restrict or forbid future develo
Page 70 and 71:
practices would be best for some ke
Page 72 and 73:
egimes of the forests. In order to
Page 74 and 75:
Hodgson, G., and J. A. Dixon. 1988.
Page 76 and 77:
Services in the Mara River Basin. G
Page 78 and 79:
national income and livelihood of p
Page 80 and 81:
7. Duration of AssignmentThe consul
Page 82 and 83:
for 40 litres of water equivalent t
Page 84 and 85:
Appendix 3: The checklist of data c
Page 86 and 87:
TanzaniaConservation,SUA NationalAg
Page 88 and 89:
Appendix 6: Relationship between to
Page 90 and 91:
Appendix 8: Rapid result questionna
Page 92 and 93:
Appendix 10: Categorization of stak
Page 94 and 95:
Appendix 12: The Mara River Basin94
Page 96:
Appendix 14: Valuation approaches f
show all

Total Economic Value of Maasai Mau, Trans Mara and Eastern Mau ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?