BEECHER - NAWC

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Water ComparedIndustries ComparedlTable 2-4Institutional CharacteristicsUtility Sector.1'!TraitSize of providersOwnershipstructureFederaleconomicregulationState economicregulationNoneconomicstate regulationEnvironmentalissuesPublic healthissuesConstituentcultureCorpomte cultureTelecommunicationsGenerally large.Private ownershipdominates.FederalCommunicationsCommission.Public utilitycommissions;emergingderegulation ofcompetitive services.Generally none.Limited.Limited.Genemllyimpersonal.Competitive andentrepreneurial.ElectricityGenerally large.Private ownershipdominates.Federal EnergyRegulatoryCommission.Public utilitycommissions;emergingderegulation ofcompetitiveservices.Powerplant siting.Federal standards,as well as marketsfor emissiontrading.Air quality andelectromagneticfields.Generallyimpersonal.Increasinglycompetitive andentrepreneurial.Natural GasGenerally large.Private ownershipdominates.Federal EnergyRegulatoryCommission.Public utilitycommissions;emergingderegulation ofcompetitiveservices.Gas safety.Limited.Pipeline safety.Generallyimpersonal.Somewhatcompetitive andentrepreneurial.WaterLarge systems servelarge cities; manysmall systems.Public ownershipdominates (morethan 80% ofpopulation served);strong rivalry.EnvironmentalProtection Agencyplays a limited datacollection role;some uniformity viaNARUC (i.e.,uniform accounts).State commissionregulation is limitedmostly to investorownedutilities; fivestates do notregulate. Regulationof municipals islimited.Separate regulationof quantity, quality,and price, butregulation is notcoordinated oruniform from stateto state.Significant in termsof regulations,expectations ofstewardship, andmounting pressureto conserve.Significant issuesrelated to drinkingvvater, vvastevvatermanagement, fiTeprotection.Water issues arehighly personal;water often viewedas an entitlement.Rivalrous forownership andgenerally cautious.<strong>NAWC</strong>44September 1998
Water ComparedIndustries ComparedTable 2-4 (continued)Utility SectorTrait Telecommunications Electricity Natural Gas WaterEconomic National and National and National and Local.development international. international. international.interestControl over Market-based. Market -based. Market-based. Complex systems ofresourcesrights, permits, andhighly imperfectmarketsBarriers to Markets have opened Markets are Unbundling opened Considerablemarket entry to many new opening, especially markets to some technical, economic,participants. to brokers and new participants; and institutionalaggregators; some some persistent barriers, includingpersistent barriers barriers to entry. SDW A standards;to entry.political barrierssignificant; entrantsinclude nonutilityoperations firms.Level playing Generally a level Market rules are Generally a level Very uneven due tofield for playing field. under playing field. fragmentation of thecompetition development. industry, advantagesof public systems,and variations instate and localregulation.Public policy Strong national role Strong national Strong national role Fragmented andand policy is role and policy is and policy is pluralistic.generally cohesive. generally cohesive. generally cohesive.Prevailing policy Competition, Market Unbundling and Compliance withgoals technological restructuring, open retail customer treatment standards,advancement, and transmission, and choice. replacement of theuniversal service. customer choice. infrastructure,regionalization, andresource protectionand conservation.,Source. Author s construct.System SizeIn the United States, for public health regulation purposes, water utilities are organized intotransient, noncommunity systems (106,436), nontransient noncommunity systems (23,639),and community water systems (50,289). Of the community water systems, about one-thirdare privately owned Utilities. Many water systems are very small in size, measured in termsof customers served, water sales, and revenues. A profile of small water systems appears inTable 2-5. Small systems (serving populations between 501 and 3,300) and very smallsystems (serving populations fewer than 500) account for 85 percent of all water systems;they serve less than 15 percent of the population served by community water systems.<strong>NAWC</strong> 45 September 1998
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Water ComparedAppendix AAppendix A:
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Water ComparedAppendix BTable B-2Ke
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Water ComparedData SourcesData Sour
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BEECHER - NAWC

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