Agricultural Land in the GMS (thousand hectare) in ... - GMS-EOC

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Upper: Bangkok’s mass transitsystem, the Skytrain, provides efficienttransport for the city’s growingnumbers of commuters. Lower: Motorcycles fill the streets of cities andtowns in Viet Nam.widened the rural-urban poverty gap. Since 1997,urbanization has largely taken place in peri-urbanareas that extend up to 75 kilometers around thelarge cities because of the improved transport andcommunication network. The 1999 DecentralizationLaw addresses the extensive centralization ofthe administration and increases the number ofmunicipalities from 149 to 1,129—creating ashortage of qualified skilled persons in the NationalCivil Service. The Bangkok Metropolitan Regioncovers an area of 7,762 square kilometers and hadan estimated population of 12 million in 2008, witha population density of 1,301 per square kilometer.Due to the success of the service and tourismindustries in Bangkok, the city has gained inpopularity for work not only among provincialThais from the rural areas but also with peoplefrom other countries in the subregion and beyond.Many workers reside outside the metropolitan areaand travel into the city for day jobs. The populationswells to 15–20 million in the city during the day.Peri-urban areas accommodated almost 90%of the recent population growth, indicating theimportance of these areas.Bangkok Metropolitan Region –Population Growth and DensityAdministrativeAreaBangkokMunicipalityArea (km²)Population(2000)Population(2010)PopulationDensity(persons/km²)1,568.74 6,355,144 8,249,117 5,258.6Nonthaburi 622.30 816,614 1,333,623 2,143.1Samut Prakan 1,004.50 1,028,401 1,828,044 1,820.6Pathum Thani 1,525.90 677,649 1,326,617 869.4Samut Sakhon 872.30 466,281 885,559 1015.2Nakhon Pathom 2,168.30 815,122 942,560 434.7Greater Bangkok 7,762.00 10,159,211 14,565,520 1,876.6Source: Census data, 2010. http://www.citypopulation.de/php/thailand-admin.phpViet Nam’s rapid urbanization is due to thetransformation of an agriculture-based economy intoan industrialized economy, which has put enormouspressure on the Government to invest in urbaninfrastructure. The degradation of environmentalquality and sanitary hygiene associated with denseliving has become acute as more people migrateto the cities, prompting the Government to embarkon environmental improvement programs. VietNam’s urban areas contribute 70% of the country’seconomic growth. The urban share of the populationis not uniform across regions, being significantlyhigher (57%) in the southeast than in other regions,due to the presence of Ho Chi Minh City. Secondin density (29%) is the Red River Delta, due to thepresence of Ha Noi and Hai Phong.Urban Share of Population byRegion in Viet Nam, 2009 (%)Excluding 5 CentralRegionCity-Provinces*Northern Midlands and16.0 16.0MountainsRed River Delta 19.9 29.220.9 24.1North and South CentralCoastIncluding 5 CentralCity-ProvincesCentral Highlands 27.8 27.8Southeast 30.1 57.1Mekong River Delta 19.6 22.85 Central City-Provinces 62.7 62.7* Central city-provinces are 5 municipalities that are administratively equivalent toprovinces and directly under the central government; they are Ha Noi, Ho Chi Minh City,Hai Phong, Da Nang, and Can Tho.Source: Ministry of Planning and Investment, General Statistics Office. 2011. Viet NamPopulation and Housing Census 2009. Migration and Urbanization in Viet Nam: Patterns,Trends and Differentials. Ha Noi. http://unfpa.org/webdav/site/vietnam/shared/Census%20publications/7_Monograph-Migration-Urbanization.pdfIn Viet Nam, cites are administrative units thatinclude territory outside the city center, i.e., ruralareas. In 1989, three quarters of Ho Chi Minh Citywas urban, while only a third of Ha Noi and Hai204 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas of the Environment
Phong was urban. By 1999, Ha Noi had becomea city with urban population accounting for about60% of the total because the overall area of thecity had decreased and the inner city area hadexpanded. By 2009, the urban proportion of thepopulation in Ha Noi decreased again due to theexpanded geographic area when former Ha TayProvince was incorporated into Ha Noi.As urban cities and towns in the GMS havegrown over the past decades, so has the level ofpollution that these settlements discharge into thelocal waterways. Governments, both local andcentral, as well as service providers have not beenable to adequately manage wastewater dischargefrom urban centers, especially secondary towns.Low levels of revenue generation that barelysupport operation and maintenance underminethe institutional and human resource capacitiesnecessary to sustain the delivery of services, whileprotecting the local environment.One of the most adverse side-effects of economicgrowth, industrialization, and urbanization inthe GMS is the increasing rate of solid wastegeneration in urban areas. Among the capitals, itis highest in Bangkok, followed by Kunming andVientiane. In many countries that are experiencingrapid economic development, the problemsassociated with solid waste production andmanagement are not addressed until they arealready posing a serious threat to advancement.The PRC may have surpassed the United States asthe world’s largest generator of municipal solidwaste; urban residents produce two to three timesmore waste than their rural counterparts. As percapita incomes of urban dwellers in the GMS haveincreased, vehicle ownership likewise has beenincreasing and generally following a similar pathto that in developed countries. Much of this growthis occurring in the cities and towns where the bulkof economic activities are located. The overallnumber of vehicles remains currently very modest;for example, about 40 vehicles per 1,000 personsin the PRC versus 350 per 1,000 persons in Japan.However, the sheer size and dynamic growthpatterns in countries like the PRC can lead in arelatively short period of time to an exponentialincrease in vehicle numbers, comparable to thosein Europe and the United States.Garbage collection in Ho Chi MinhCity, Viet Nam. Garbage disposal hasbecome a perennial problem in thesubregion’s cities and towns.Population Growth Rate, Urban Population, Access to ImprovedSanitation, and Solid Waste Generation in GMS CountriesCountryCapital /Major cityCapital/CityPopulationGrowth Rate (%)Urban PopulationShare of TotalPopulation (%)Population in theLargest City, % ofUrban Population(%)Populationwith Accessto ImprovedSanitation, % ofUrban PopulationPopulationwith Access toImproved WaterSource, % ofUrban Population aSolid WasteGeneration inCapital/Major City(kilogram/capita/day)Cambodia Phnom Penh 2.8 (2010) 19.5 (2010) 48.5 (2010) 73 (2010) 87 (2010) 0.74 (2008)PRCGuangxi Nanning 0.90 40 (2010) 37 (2010) 80 (2010) 77 (2010) 0.78 (2010)Yunnan Kunming 1.07 35 (2010) 40 (2010) — — 0.25 (2010)Lao PDR Vientiane 2.0 (2010) a 33 (2010) 40 (2010) 89 (2010) 77 (2010) 0.64 (2008)Myanmar Yangon 1.4 (2009) b 30.7 (2010) 27 (2010) 84 (2010) 81.4 (2010) 0.26 (2010)Thailand Bangkok 0.03 34 (2010) 30 (2010) 95 (2010) 97 (2010) 1.54 (2009)Viet Nam Ha Noi 12.7 (2010) 30 (2010) 25 (2010) c 94 (2010) 99 (2010) 1.45 (2008)- = not available, GMS=Greater Mekong Region, Lao PDR = Lao People’s Democratic Republic, PRC = People’s Republic of China.aCalculated from data of statistical yearbook 2010, b Yangon region, c Ho Chi Minh City.Source: ADB. 2011. Key Indicators for Asia and Pacific 2011. Manila; AIT/UNEP RRC.AP. 2010. Municipal Waste Management Report; Cambodia National Committee for Sub-National DemocraticDevelopment. Commune Database Online; Guangxi Bureau of Statistics; Myanmar Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation, Department of Agricultural Planning; Thailand National StatisticalOffice; UNDP. 2011. Human Development Report 2011. New York; Viet Nam Ministry of Planning and Investment, General Statistics Office. 2011. Statistical Yearbook of Viet Nam 2010. Ha Noi;World Bank indicators. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.ACSN.UR; Yangon City Development Committee; Yunnan Provincial Environmental Protection Department. 2011. 2010Report of Environment State of Yunnan Province. http://en.7c.gov.cn/uploads/2010EnvrionmentState-final.pdf; Report of Environment State of Kunming 2010; Yunnan Bureau of Statistics. 2011.Yunnan Statistical Yearbook 2011. Beijing.Urbanization 205
Page 3 and 4: Importance of Rice. The GMS is home
Page 5 and 6: The Causes and Extent of LandDegrad
Page 7 and 8: Agroecological ZonesThe GMS compris
Page 9 and 10: whom 46 million live in Yunnan Prov
Page 11: Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food Se
Page 18 and 19: Upper: Fish from the Mekong River f
Page 20: 172 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas
Page 24 and 25: Above:Province, central Viet Nam. R
Page 26: e severe. With rapidly declining pu
Page 29 and 30: Annual Irrigation Demand, LowerMeko
Page 31 and 32: as a major source of food, mean tha
Page 33 and 34: EnergyOver the last two decades, ra
Page 35 and 36: equirements that marked the previou
Page 37 and 38: Energy Resource Base in the GMSCoun
Page 39 and 40: generation biofuels, have begun to
Page 41 and 42: energy. Use of renewable energy exp
Page 44 and 45: 196 Greater Mekong Subregion Atlas
Page 46 and 47: Upper and Lower: Construction of th
Page 50 and 51: 1990Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar(Left)and 2
Page 54 and 55: Satellite images of Kunming City, c
Page 56 and 57: Number of Vehicles per 1,000Persons
Page 60 and 61: GMS Passenger Transport (million pa
Page 62 and 63: Rush hour traffic in Ho Chi Minh Ci
Page 64 and 65: Traffic congestion in Bangkok,Thail
Page 66 and 67: Rehabilitated passenger train,Cambo
Page 68 and 69: kilometers in 2008. Most lines run
Page 70 and 71: Upper left: Yangon River port,Myamn
Page 74: Suvarnabhumi airport terminal,Bangk
Page 77 and 78: GMS International Tourist Arrivals
Page 82 and 83: Satellite images showing developmen
Page 84: While GMS tourism growth is predomi

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