Chapter 2. Insect Foods of North American Indigenous Populations ...

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Chapter 242 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMAll classes eaten, including grubs, earthworms. Latter brought to surface of damp spots at certainseasons by pounding ground with club. Roasted by shaking on trays with hot rocks.Yellowjacket (Epen, P) larvae roasted similarly. Nests found by men or boys with unusually keeneyesight who followed insects on clear, cloudless days. Lizard meat exposed to attractyellowjackets and leg of grasshopper, colored white, inserted in their jaws while eating to make iteasier to follow them to nests. Hunter waited until all insects in nest at twilight, placed ignited tuftof pine needles in hole, blowing smoke down. When insects stupified, nest dug up. Sometimeswhole nest roasted over coals, eaten with acorn soup. Some specialized in this work.Hornet nests burned at night with pine-needle brush on stick. Man near Forest Hill attempted bydaylight; died of stings.Grasshoppers, E.ni (P) caught by driving toward narrow-mouthed pits dug in open place. Eachman dug own. Around each, straw or pine needles scattered for 6-8 ft. Grasshoppers driven bybeating up brush; hide in grass and pine needles. These ignited. Some grasshoppers killed androasted by fire; others fly in holes, removed in fine mesh bags, each handful squeezed to killinsects. When roasted at home in basket with hot rocks, turn red. Dried, usually saved untilwinter when pounded fine, mixed with acorn soup.In mountains large area sometimes covered with about 3 in. pine needles in which insects hid,which then fired, killing, cooking them.Grasshoppers considered healthful food, acquiring virtues of medicinal plants eaten. As moreplentiful in valley and foothills, traded to mountain people for black oak acorns.Bean, L.J. 1972. Mukat's People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press,201 pp.Bean (pp. 61-62), without referencing earlier literature, states that a large number of insect and "worm"species were important foods of the Cahuilla of southeastern California. Ant (?anet) hills were dug up and theswarming ants were pushed into pits where they roasted instantly on very hot rocks. They were also boiled orparched. Grasshopper (wi?it) swarms were common, and to harvest them, the Cahuilla dug long trenches whichthey filled with heated rocks and sand. The grasshoppers were then scooped up and pushed into the trenches."Cricket pupae [?] and cicadas (taciqal) also came in large numbers at times, and were eagerly gathered androasted as they, too, were considered delicacies. After roasting they were dried and stored for future use, to beeaten without further preparation or as a condiment with other foods like acorn mush."Bean also mentions a worm called piyatem, "possibly an army worm," as a favorite treat of the Cahuilla.The worms "appeared at the surface of the ground in abundance after warm spring rains, and were collected inlarge quantities, prepared by parching, and stored for future use." Their arrival was celebrated by a first-fruitritual as were those of other insects and worms. Bean mentions that: "Wild bee larvae and honey were eaten inhistoric times. The beehives of imported honey bees were tended by the men and were individually owned. Thehoney was collected regularly, some always being left for the continuation of normal beehive activity."Bean, L.J.; Theodoratus, D. 1978. Western Pomo and Northeastern Pomo. In W.C. Sturtevant (Ed.),Handbook of North American Indians (R.F. Heizer, Vol. Ed.), 1978, pp. 289-305.Grasshoppers, caterpillars and larvae were among the animal foods of these Indian groups (pp. 290-291).Bell, W.H.; Castetter, E.F. 1937. The utilization of mesquite and screwbean by the aborigines in the AmericanSouthwest. Univ. New Mex. Ethnobiol. Studies in the Am. Southwest Bull. 5, pp. 22-23.* (Bruchidae)Bequaert, J.C. 1922. The predaceous enemies of ants. In: Ants of the American Museum Congo Expedition.A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa, W.M. Wheeler. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 45: 271-331.Bequaert (pp. 329-331) cites a number of references to the use of insects as food, including the use ofants and other insects by certain North American Indian tribes.Bettinger, R.L. 1982. Archaeology East of the Range of Light: Aboriginal Human Ecology of the Inyo-Mono
Chapter 243 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMRegion, California. Monogr. Calif. and Great Basin Anthropol., No. 1, p. 55. (Saturniidae)Bettinger, R.L. 1985. Native life in desert California: the Great Basin and its aboriginal inhabitants. TheMasterkey 59: 42-50. (Saturniidae)Bidwell, J. 1890. The first emigrant train to California. Century Mag. 19: 106-130. (Ephydridae)Bidwell, J. 1928. Echoes of the Past about California. (M.M. Quaife, ed.). Chicago, p. 52. (Aphididae)Bitton, D.; Wilcox, L.P. 1978. Pestiferous ironclads; the grasshopper problem in pioneer Utah. Utah Hist.Quart. 46(4): 336-355. (Acrididae)Blackburn, T. 1976-1977. A query regarding the possible hallucinogenic effects of ant ingestion in southcentralCalifornia. J. Calif. Anthropol. 3(2): 78-81. (Formicidae)Blake, E.A.; Wagner, M.R. 1987. Collection and consumption of pandora moth, Coloradia pandora lindseyi(Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), larvae by Owens Valley and Mono Lake Paiutes. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 33:23-27. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)Bodenheimer, F.S. 1951. Insects as Human Food. The Hague: W. Junk, 352 pp. (A source of severalreferences.)Bolton, H.E. 1919. Kino's Historical Memoir of Pimeria Alta. 2 vols. Cleveland: Arthur H. Clark Co., Vol II,pp. 56, 58-60. (Aphididae)Bolton, H.E. 1927. Fray Juan Crespi, Missionary Explorer on the Pacific Coast 1769-1774. New York: AmsPres, 402 pp.Among the gifts presented by the Indians in southern California was the honeydew from reed grass (pp.153, 219).Brewer, W.H. 1930. Up and Down California in 1860-1864. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, p. 417.(Ephydridae)Brooks, G.R. 1977. (See under J.S. Smith.)Browne, J.R. 1865. Washoe Revisited. Notes on the Silver Regions of Nevada. Oakland, Calif.: Biobooks, pp.111-114. (Also in Harpers' Monthly 31: 274-284; 411-419.) (Ephydridae)Bryan, A.L. 1979. Smith Creek Cave. In The Archaeology of Smith Creek Canyon, Eastern Nevada (D.R.Tuohy; D.L. Rendall, eds.), pp. 162-253. Anthropol. Papers No. 17. Nev. St. Mus., Carson City. (Acrididae)Bryant, E. 1967. What I Saw in California...in the Years 1846, 1847. Palo Alto, Calif.: Lewis Osborne, pp.162-163, 168. (Acrididae)Burgett, D.M.; Young, R. 1974. Lipid storage by honey ant repletes. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 67: 743-744.(Formicidae)Burgh, R.F.; Scoggin, C.R. 1948. The Archaeology of Castle Park, Dinosaur National Monument. AppndixIII, Univ. Colorado Studies, Ser. in Anthropology No. 2. Boulder: Univ. Colorado Press, pp. 94-99.See Jones, V.H. (1948) under Acrididae.Bye, R.A., Jr. 1972. Ethnobotany of the Southern Paiute Indians in the 1870's: with a note on the earlyethnobotanical contributions of Dr. Edward Palmer. In Great Basin Cultural Ecology: A Symposium (Fowler,D.D., ed.), pp. 87-104. Reno: Desert Res. Inst. Publs. Soc. Sci., No. 8. (Bruchidae, Aphididae).Callaghan, Catherine A. 1978. Lake Miwok. In W.C. Sturtevant 1978, pp. 264-273.
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