Chapter 2. Insect Foods of North American Indigenous Populations ...

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Chapter 250 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMHoward Egan Estate, pp. 228-233. (Formicidae, Tettigoniidae). The account of a Mormon cricket drive isreprinted in Coon (1948: 46-49).Elliott, T.C. (ed.). 1909. The Peter Skene Ogden Journals. Quart. Oregon Hist. Soc. 10(4): 331-365.In an entry dated February 1826 (Elliott, pp. 354-355), Ogden refers to the "Snake Indians" from north ofthe Great Salt Lake:I had often heard these wretches subsisted on ants, locusts and small fish, not larger than minnies,and I wanted to find out if it was not an exaggeration of late travelers, but to my surprise, I foundit was the case; for in one of their dishes, not of small size, was filled with ants. They collectedthem in the morning early before the thaw commences. The locusts they collect in Summer andstore up for their Winter; in eating they give the preference to the former, being oily; the latternot, on this food these poor wretches drag out an existence for nearly 4 months of the year; theylive contented and happy; this is all they require. . . . [This account can also be found in Rich andJohnson 1950: 133-134.]Engelhardt, G.P. 1924. The saturniid moth, Coloradia pandora, a menace to pine forests and a source of foodto Indians in eastern Oregon. Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 19: 35-37. (Saturniidae)Essene, F. 1942. Culture element distributions: XXI - Round Valley. Univ. Calif. Pubs. Anthropol. Rec. 8(1):1-97.Essene (p. 4) studied the Round Valley, California groups, but his results regarding insects are not clear.Caterpillars, yellowjacket larvae, and grasshoppers are included in the list of animal foods not eaten by anyone,but under the section of various hunting methods Essene shows positive responses to the following categories:Caterpillar caught in trench; Leaves tied around tree, which caterpillars feed on, and from which they are pickedoff by hand; Caterpillars knocked off tree with stick; Only small hairless caterpillars that feed on 'ash' trees areeaten; Yellowjackets smoked to stun them; Grasshoppers killed by burning grass.Essig, E.O. 1931. A History of Entomology. New York: Macmillan, pp. 23-41. (Most orders and families)Essig, E.O. 1934. The value of insects to the California Indians. Sci. Month. 38: 181-186.Essig mainly repeats in more general terms the information provided in his 1931 paper, although there ismention of the use of termites from decaying wood and of ant larvae for food rather than for medicinal purposes.Also see Essig under the Introduction, and under Saturniidae.Essig, E.O. 1949. Man's six-legged competitors. Sci. Month. 69: 15-19. (Belostomatidae and Lasiocampidae)Euler, R.C. 1966. Southern Paiute Ethnohistory. Univ. Utah Anthropol. Papers, No. 78, pp. 112-113.Euler summarizes a long list of Southern Paiute foodstuffs reported in the previous literature (includingseveral insect references not consulted by this bibliographer. Insects included "cane grass candy" or honeydewfrom Phragmites communis, grasshoppers, ants, fly larvae, and honey. The Southern Paiutes also engaged inagriculture in some areas, growing corn, squash, beans and potatoes. Also see Euler under Formicidae.Fages, P. 1775 [1937]. A Historical, Political and Natural Description of California. Transl. by H.I. Priestley.Berkeley: Univ. Calif. Press, pp. 22, 60, 79. (Aphididae)Felger, R.S. 1977. Mesquite in Indian cultures of southwestern North America. In Simpson, B.B. (ed.),Mesquite. Its Biology in Two Desert Scrub Ecosystems. Stroudsburg, Pa.: Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., p.163. (Bruchidae)Felt, E.P. 1918. Caribou warble grubs edible. J. Econ. Entomol. 11: 482. (Oestridae)Fenenga, G.L.; Fisher, E.M. 1978. The Cahuilla use of Piyatem, larvae of the white-lined sphinx moth (Hyleslineata), as food. J. Calif. Anthropol. 5(1): 84-90. (Sphingidae)
Chapter 251 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMFladung, E.B. 1924. Insects as food. Maryland Acad. Sci. Bull., Oct. 1924, pp. 5-8.Fladung mentions insects used as food by a number of North American tribes, including grasshoppers,crickets, ants and miscellaneous caterpillars.Fowler, Catharine S. 1986. Subsistence. In Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 11, Great Basin (W.L.d'Azevedo, ed.), pp. 64-97 (Table 5).Fowler (pp. 88, 90-91) reported that among insects, the most widespread use was of caterpillars, cicadas,Mormon crickets and “ant eggs”; specific technologies were developed for harvesting some of the insects.Fowler (p. 92, Table 5) lists tribes known to use the different insects or insect groups:Mormon cricket (Anabrus simplex): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute,Western Shoshone, Northern Shoshone,Bannock, Utah Southern Paiute, Western Ute, Southern Ute, Northern UteGrasshoppers: Washoe, Western Shoshone, Northern Ute, Southern UtePandora moth larvae (Coloradia Pandora): Owens Valley Paiute, Nev. Northern PaiuteWhite-lined sphinx moth larvae (Hyles lineata): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute, Nev. and UtahSouthern Paiute, Western Shoshone, Western UteCaterpillars: Nev. Northern Paiute, Washoe, Western Shoshone, Northern Shoshone?, Utah SouthernPaiute,Western Ute, Northern Ute, Southern UteBee larvae, often Vespula diabolica (yellow jacket [a wasp actually]): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute,Western Shoshone, Northern Shoshone, Southern UteAnts and ant larvae: Nev. Northern Paiute, Western Shoshone, Nev. Southern Paiute, NorthernShoshone, Bannock, Northern Ute, Western UteCicada (Diceroprocta spp.): Panamint, Nev. Southern Paiute, ChemehueviCicada (Okanagodes spp.): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute, Owens Valley Paiute, Panamint, WesternShoshone, Nothern Shoshone, Bannock, Nev. and Utah Southern Paiute, Northern Ute, Western Ute,Southern UteMealy plum aphis honeydew (Hyalopterus pruni): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute, Owens Valley Paiute,Panamint, Western Shoshone, Nev. and Utah Southern Paiute, Western UteBrine fly larvae (Ephydra hians): Washoe, Nev. Northern Paiute, Owens Valley Paiute, PanamintFowler, C.S.; Walter, N.P. 1985. Harvesting pandora moth larvae with the Owens Valley Paiute. J. Calif. &Great Basin Anthropol. 7(2): 155-165. (Saturniidae)Fowler, D.D.; Fowler, C.S. 1971. Anthropology of the Numa: John Wesley Powell's Manuscripts on theNumic Peoples of Western North America, 1868-1880. Contrib. to Anthropol. No. 14. Smithson. Inst.,Washington, D.C., p. 48. (Acrididae)Fremont, J.C. 1845 [1988 reprint]. The Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Inst. Press, p. 154. (Ephydridae)Frison, G.C. 1971. Shoshonean antelope procurement in the upper Green River Basin, Wyoming. PlainsAnthropologist 16: 258-284.Frison (p. 261) reported charred fragements of the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex, and large red ants,Pogonomyrmex sp., in late prehistoric or protohistoric Shoshonean lodges at the Eden-Farson Site in the upperGreen River Basin.Frison, G.C.; Huseas, M. 1968. Leigh Cave, Wyoming, Site 48 WA 304. The Wyo. Archaeol. 11(3): 21-33.(Tettigoniidae)Fry, G.F. 1976. Analysis of prehistoric coprolites from Utah. Anthropol. Papers No. 97. Salt Lake City: Univ.Utah Press, pp. 1-45.Fry reported "insect parts" in coprolites.Furniss, R.L.; Carolin, V.M. 1977. Western forest insects. U.S. Dept. Agric. For. Serv. Misc. Publ. No. 1339,pp. 193-197. (Saturniidae)
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Chapter 2. Insect Foods of North American Indigenous Populations ...

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