Chapter 2. Insect Foods of North American Indigenous Populations ...

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Chapter 266 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMto deliberately ingest their own lice.Wakeland, C. 1959. Mormon crickets in North America. U.S. Dept. Agric. Tech. Bull. No. 1202, p. 4.(Tettigoniidae)Wallace, Edith. 1978. Sexual status and role differences. In: W.C. Sturtevant 1978, pp. 683-689.The author states (p. 683):All California Indian tribes distinguished between the statuses and roles of men and women,assigning to each sex special tasks, duties, and prerogatives. . . . Shellfish and crustaceans wereregularly procured by women and girls as were insects, larvae, and grubs, supplementary foodsfor many Californians. Communal insect hunts, in which everyone participated, were undertakentoo; and now and then men went out to search for a particular species.Waugh, F.W. 1916. Iroquois foods and food preparation. Can. Dept. Mines, Geol. Surv., Mem. 86, No. 12,Anthropol. Ser. Ottawa: Govt. Print. Bur., 235 pp.Waugh (pp. 138-139) credits an Onondaga informant for the information that ants of various species wereeaten raw -- because of the acid flavor, and more as a luxury than as a staple. From another informant, Waughreports: "At Onondaga Castle, N.Y., the larvae of the seventeen-year locust (Cicada septendecim) were formerlyploughed or dug up and roasted in a pot, without water. They were stirred while cooking and, when they werethoroughly done, a little grease was added. Some of the older people are said to make use of them still. They areconsidered to be 'good for the health.' An Onondaga name given was 'ogwayu"da'." Waugh cites earlier authorsfor the use of either locusts or cicadas (the use of the popular name, "locust," leaves doubt as to which) by theIroquois and the Delaware, and for the use of "young wasps" among the tribes of North Carolina.See also under Miscellaneous Diptera.Weaver, R.A.; Basgall, M.E. 1986. Aboriginal exploitation of pandora moth larvae in east-central California.J. Calif. Great Basin Anthropol. 8(2): 161-179. (Saturniidae)Wheeler, W.M. 1908. Honey ants, with a revision of the American Myrmecosysti. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 24:345-397. (Formicidae)Whiting, Beatrice B. 1950. Paiute sorcery. Viking Fund Publs. Anthropol. No. 15, New York, pp. 17-19.(Tettigoniidae)Wilke, P.J. 1978. Late prehistoric human ecology at Lake Cahuilla, Coachella Valley, California. Berkeley:Contrib. Univ. Calif. Archaeol. Res. Facility No. 38.*Wilke (p. ? ; vide Sutton 1988: 81) reported unidentified insect remains in coprolites from the northernCoachella Valley in southeastern California, but generally attributed these to post-depositional intrusions ratherthan as indications of diet.Wilke, P.J.; Lawton, H.W. (eds.). 1976. The Expedition of Capt. J.W. Davidson From Fort Tejon to the OwensValley in 1859. Soccoro, N. Mex.: Ballena Press, p. 30. (Ephydridae)Williston, S.W. 1883. Dipterous larvae from the western alkaline lakes and their use as human food. Trans.Conn. Acad. Arts & Sci. (New Haven) 6: 87-90. (Ephydridae)Wilson, N.L.; Towne, A.H. 1978. Nisenan. In: W.C. Sturtevant 1978, pp. 387-397.Citing earlier papers by Wilson, the authors state (p. 390):Grasshoppers were gathered in meadows in the summer. They were chased into conical pits bydrivers beating the grass. A smoking grass bundle was thrown into the pits for killing. They weresoaked in water and baked in an earth oven. A light crushing with a handstone on a basketry traybroke off the wings and legs, which were winnowed away. They were eaten whole, crushed intoa meal, cooked like a mush, or stored. A ring of fire was also built to creep through the
Chapter 267 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMunderbrush roasting the grasshoppers and other insects.It is mentioned that larvae, pupae, ants and other insects were eaten, and some of them were gathered formedicinal use or for poisons.Witherspoon, W.W. 1889. Collection of honey dew by the Nevada Indians. Am. Anthropologist, o.s., Vol. 2, p.380. Washington. (Aphididae)Woodward, A. 1934. An early account of the Chumash. The Masterkey 8: 118-123. (Aphididae)Woodward, A. 1938. The "honey" of the early California Indians - a strange ethnological error. The Masterkey12: 175-180. (Aphididae)Wright, W.G. 1884. A naturalist in the desert. Overland Monthly 4(21): 279-284.* (Sphingidae)Wyman, L.C.; Bailey, F.L. 1964. Navaho Indian ethnoentomology. Univ. N. Mex. Publs. Anthropol. No. 12,pp. 1-158. (Cicadidae)Zigmond, M. 1980. Kawaiisu mythology: an oral tradition of south-central California. Ballena PressAnthropol. Papers No. 18, p. 55.*Zigmond (vide Sutton 1988: 49) relates the Kawaiisu myth, "The Origin of the Pagazozi," which tells howthe Pagazozi, a people to the north of the Kawaiisu, were created from the worms of the lake [Owens?] whenthey reached land.Zigmond, M.L. 1986. Kawaiisu. In Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 11, Great Basin (W. d'Azevedo,ed.), pp. 398-411. Washington: Smithson. Inst.“Invariably, deer meat was mentioned as the favorite animal food [of the Kawaiisu], but a large number offaunal species, including large and small game, rodents, birds, and insects, were considered edible. . . Thecaterpillar of the Pandora moth and a white ‘worm’ found in dead trees [probably a cerambycid grub] werecommonly eaten, the latter fed to children to ‘fatten’ them.” (p. 400)The Kawaiisu denied eating grasshoppers (p. 400).Chapter 2 of The Human Use of Insects as a Food Resource: A Bibiliographic Account inProgress, by Gene R. DeFoliart, posted on website September, 2002Added ReferencesDavis, E.L. 1964. An archaeological survey of the Mono Lake Basin and excavations of two rockshelters,Mono Lake, California. Los Angeles: Univ. Calif. Archaeol. Surv. Ann. Rpt. 1963-1964: 251-39 (p. 261).Henderson, W.W. 1944. Four devastating melanopli found in Utah. Great Basin Nat. 5(1-2): 1-19.Meighan, C.W. 1955. Excavation of Isabella Meadows Cave, Monterey County, California. Berkeley: Univ.Calif. Archaeol. Surv. Rpts. No. 29: 1-30.Miller, Carin A. 1997a. Determinants of the use of insects as human food within the Great Basin. FoodInsects Newslet. 10(1): 1-4.Miller, Carin A. 1997b. The ecology and ethnography of food insect use in the Great Basin. Food InsectsNewslet. 10(2): 5-9.Patterson, J.E. 1923. Insect Pest Survey 3: 94. U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Entomol.
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